📚 Vocabulary Terms Quick Memorisation Guide for Year 8 WJEC Philosophy | Year 8 WJEC 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Year 8 WJEC Philosophy introduces you to a wide range of challenging ideas, from whether God exists to what makes an action right or wrong. A strong command of the key vocabulary is the first step to building confident arguments. This guide breaks down the essential terms, paired with memory tricks, word origins, and simple examples to help you recall them quickly for class discussions and assessments.
八年级 WJEC 哲学带你接触从上帝是否存在到行为对错的广泛思考。掌握核心词汇是建立自信论证的第一步。这份指南拆解了关键术语，配合记忆诀窍、词源和简单例子，帮你在课堂讨论和测评中快速回忆。
1. Core Ethical Terms | 核心伦理术语
Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that the right action is the one that maximises overall happiness or pleasure. Jeremy Bentham, its founder, called this the 'hedonic calculus', weighing factors such as intensity and duration. Memory aid: think of 'utility' as usefulness for happiness; the slogan is 'the greatest good for the greatest number'.
功利主义主张正确的行为是实现最大整体幸福或快乐。创始人边沁称之为'快乐计算法'，权衡强度、持续时间等因素。记忆法：把'效用'想成对幸福的有用性；口号是'最大多数人的最大利益'。
Deontology comes from the Greek deon, meaning duty. Immanuel Kant argued that some acts are intrinsically right regardless of consequences. His categorical imperative states: 'Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.' Remember the link between deon and 'duty' – both start with a hard 'd' sound.
义务论源自希腊语 deon（义务）。康德主张某些行为本质正确，不论后果。他的绝对命令是：'只按照你同时愿意成为普遍法则的准则去行动。' 记住 deon 与'duty'的联系——都以响亮的'd'音开头。
Relativism holds that moral truths depend on culture, time, or individual perspective; there are no universal moral rules. Absolutism, by contrast, insists that certain moral principles are true for all people, everywhere. Visualise a scale – relative vs. absolute – where one side is flexible and the other is fixed.
相对主义认为道德真理取决于文化、时代或个人视角，没有普遍道德规则。与之相对，绝对主义坚持某些道德原则适用于所有人、所有地方。可以想象一把天平——相对与绝对——一边灵活，一边固定。
2. Virtue Ethics and Eudaimonia | 美德伦理与幸福
Aristotle's virtue ethics focuses on character, not just individual actions. The goal is eudaimonia, often translated as 'flourishing' or 'the good life', achieved by practising virtues like courage and honesty. A mnemonic for eudaimonia: 'you-day-monia' sounds like 'your day of happiness'.
亚里士多德的美德伦理关注品格，而不仅是行为。目标是 eudaimonia，常译为'繁荣'或'好生活'，通过实践勇气、诚实等美德实现。助记：eudaimonia 听起来像'你的幸福日'。
The Doctrine of the Mean says every virtue lies between two vices – one of excess and one of deficiency. For instance, courage is the mean between recklessness (too much) and cowardice (too little). Think of the 'Goldilocks principle': not too hot, not too cold, but just right.
中庸之道认为每种美德位于两个恶习之间——过度与不及。例如，勇气是鲁莽（过度）和怯懦（不及）的中道。想想'金凤花原则'：不烫不凉，刚刚好。
Arete, meaning excellence or virtue, is another key term. It can be remembered by the phrase 'A really excellent trait eventually'.
Arete 意为卓越或美德，可用短语'一项真正优秀的品质最终'来记它的拼写。
3. The Design Argument | 设计论证
The Teleological Argument (from telos, meaning purpose) claims the complexity and apparent design in the universe point to an intelligent designer – God. William Paley's watchmaker analogy: if you find a watch on a heath, you infer a watchmaker; similarly, the natural world implies a divine designer. Shortcut: 'Watch needs a watchmaker, world needs a worldmaker.'
目的论论证（源自 telos，目的）认为宇宙的复杂性和显见的设计指向一位智慧设计者——上帝。佩利的钟表匠类比：在荒野发现一块表，你会推断有制表匠；同样，自然界意味着神圣设计师。口诀：'表需造表人，世界需造物主。'
The Anthropic Principle builds on this: the universe's physical constants appear fine‑tuned to allow life. Imagine a set of dials that must be precisely set – too much mass and the universe collapses, too little and stars never form. This suggests purpose, not accident.
人择原理进一步发展：宇宙的物理常数似乎被精调以允许生命存在。想象一组必须精确设定的旋钮——质量太大宇宙塌缩，太小则恒星无法形成。这暗示着目的而非偶然。
4. The Cosmological Argument | 宇宙论论证
Cosmological arguments seek a first cause or prime mover to explain why anything exists at all. Thomas Aquinas' First Cause argument states that everything has a cause, forming a chain that cannot go back infinitely; therefore, there must be an uncaused first cause (God). Think of dominoes falling – who pushed the first one?
宇宙论论证寻找第一因或最初推动者，以解释万物为何存在。阿奎那的第一因论证指出，凡事有因，因果链不能无限追溯；因此必定有一个自存的第一因（上帝）。想象倒下的多米诺骨牌——谁推倒了第一张？
Aquinas' Unmoved Mover argument focuses on motion or change. Nothing moves itself, so there must be a first mover that is itself unmoved. Key phrase: 'Every mover needs a mover, but the series stops at the Unmoved Mover.'
阿奎那的不动的推动者论证侧重运动或变化。无物自移，所以必定有一个自身不动的最初推动者。关键词：'每个推动者需要被推动，但序列止于不动的推动者。'
5. The Problem of Evil | 恶的问题
The logical problem of evil challenges the existence of a God who is all‑powerful, all‑knowing, and all‑loving. If such a God exists, why is there suffering? This is often framed as the 'inconsistent triad': God is omnipotent, God is omnibenevolent, yet evil exists – the three cannot all be true. Remember the acronym E3 – Evil, Omnipotence, Omnibenevolence – three points of the triangle.
恶的逻辑问题质疑全能、全知、全善的上帝存在。如果真有这样的神，为何存在苦难？常表述为'不相容三元组'：上帝全能，上帝全善，却存在恶——这三者不可能同时为真。记住首字母缩略词 E3——Evil、Omnipotence、Omnibenevolence——三角形的三个顶点。
The free will defence argues that God allows evil because genuine free will is a greater good, and moral growth requires the possibility of making wrong choices. A memory image: a loving parent who lets their child make mistakes in order to learn. But is this enough to explain natural disasters? This remains a key debate.
自由意志辩护称，上帝允许恶存在，因为真正的自由意志是更大的善，道德成长需要犯错误的可能性。记忆图像：慈爱的父母让孩子犯错以便学习。但这足以解释自然灾害吗？这仍是关键争论。
6. Dualism and Materialism | 二元论与唯物主义
Substance dualism, defended by Descartes, claims the mind and body are two distinct substances – mental and physical. Descartes' famous line 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am) separates the thinking self from the extended physical body. Label this the 'ghost in the machine' – a thinking ghost inhabiting a body machine.
笛卡尔维护的实体二元论声称，心灵与身体是两种不同实体——精神的和物理的。笛卡尔的名句'我思故我在'将思考的自我与广延的形体分开。可以贴上'机器中的幽灵'标签——一个思考的幽灵栖居于身体机器中。
Materialism (physicalism) holds that everything, including mental states, is purely physical. Consciousness is just brain activity. To recall this, think of 'matter' – only matter matters. A helpful contrast: dualism keeps mind and body separate; materialism merges them into one physical world.
唯物主义（物理主义）认为一切，包括心理状态，都纯粹是物理的。意识只是大脑活动。为记住，想到'matter'——只有物质重要。对比助记：二元论将心物分离；唯物主义将二者并入一个物理世界。
7. Empiricism and Rationalism | 经验论与理性论
Empiricism is the view that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. John Locke described the newborn mind as a tabula rasa (blank slate), written on by experience. Memory trick: 'Empire' of the senses – your senses build your mental empire. Key phrase: 'Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses.'
经验论认为所有知识都来自感官经验。洛克将新生儿心灵描述为 tabula rasa（白板），由经验书写。记忆法：感官的'帝国'——你的感官构建你的心智帝国。关键句：'凡在理智中的，无不先在感官中。'
Rationalism, defended by Plato and Descartes, claims reason is the primary source of knowledge and that we have innate ideas – such as mathematical truths – that are not learned from experience. Think of the rationalist as someone who trusts the 'ratio' (reason) in their mind. Innate ideas are like pre‑installed software.
理性论由柏拉图和笛卡尔主张，认为理性是知识的主要来源，我们有天赋观念——如数学真理——不来自经验。想象理性论者信任心智中的'比率'（理性）。天赋观念如同预装软件。
8. Deduction and Induction | 演绎与归纳
Deductive reasoning moves from general premises to a specific, logically guaranteed conclusion. Example: 'All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.' If premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Mnemonic: 'Deduction Delivers Definitive conclusions.'
演绎推理从普遍前提推出特定、逻辑上必然的结论。例如：'凡人皆会死，苏格拉底是人，故苏格拉底会死。' 前提真则结论必真。助记：'演绎交付决定性结论。'
Inductive reasoning draws general conclusions from specific observations. It gives probable, but not certain, knowledge. Example: 'The sun has risen every day so far, so the sun will rise tomorrow.' This is the basis of most science. Remember: Induction gives confidence, but never 100% proof.
归纳推理从特定观察得出一般结论，提供可能而非必然的知识。例如：'太阳迄今每天升起，所以明天太阳也会升起。' 这是多数科学的基础。记住：归纳提供信心，但从不是百分之百证明。
A valid deductive argument is one where if premises are true, the conclusion must be true. A sound argument is valid and has true premises. Quick check: validity is about structure; soundness is about truth. An argument can be valid but unsound if a premise is false.
一个有效的演绎论证是指，若前提真则结论必然真。一个可靠的论证是有效且前提真实。快速检查：有效关乎结构；可靠关乎真实性。前提若假，论证可能有效但不可靠。
9. Free Will vs Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Hard determinism states that every event is caused by previous events, making free will an illusion. Laplace imagined a super‑intelligence that could predict all futures if it knew all positions and forces – the clockwork universe. Memory aid: 'The universe is a giant clock, and we are just ticking gears.'
硬决定论宣称每个事件都由先前事件导致，自由意志是幻象。拉普拉斯想象一个超级智能，若知所有位置和力，就能预测所有未来——钟表宇宙。记忆法：'宇宙是大钟表，我们只是滴答齿轮。'
Libertarianism (in philosophy) asserts genuine free will; some human choices are not determined by prior causes. To remember libertarian free will, link it to 'liberty' – freedom to choose otherwise. An agent could have done differently in the exact same situation.
（哲学上的）自由意志主义肯定真正的自由意志；人的某些选择不受先前原因决定。要记住，将之与'自由'挂钩——有自由做出不同选择。在完全相同情境下，行动者本可做不同的事。
Compatibilism (soft determinism) argues that free will and determinism are compatible. Free action is simply doing what you want without external coercion, even if your wants are determined. Imagine a river flowing within its banks – it is free within its determined course.
相容论（软决定论）主张自由意志与决定论可以相容。自由行动仅仅是毫无外部强制地做你想做的，即使你的欲望是被决定的。想象河流在两岸间流动——它在被决定的河道内是自由的。
10. Social Contract Theory | 社会契约论
Thomas Hobbes argued that in the 'state of nature', life would be 'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'. To escape this chaos, people agree to a social contract, giving up some freedoms to a sovereign (the Leviathan) in exchange for security. Memory image: a giant crown stamped with the five adjectives plus 'Leviathan' – a big, controlling sea monster.
霍布斯认为在'自然状态'下，生命'孤独、贫困、卑污、残忍而短寿'。为逃离混乱，人们同意社会契约，将部分自由让渡给主权者（利维坦）以换取安全。记忆图像：一顶刻有五个形容词的巨大王冠，再加'利维坦'——一头掌控一切的巨型海怪。
John Locke's version is more optimistic. He believed the state of nature was governed by natural law and reason, but agreed people form governments to protect natural rights: 'life, liberty, and property'. Lock into your memory: 'Locke - life, liberty, property.' Locke's government is a trustee, removable if it violates trust.
洛克版本更乐观。他认为自然状态受自然法与理性支配，但同意人们组建政府以保护自然权利：'生命、自由和财产'。锁进记忆：'Locke——生命、自由、财产'。洛克的政府是受托人，若违背信任可被撤换。
11. The Meaning of Art | 艺术的意义
Aesthetic judgements explore what makes something beautiful or art. Clive Bell argued that 'significant form' – the arrangement of lines, colours, and shapes – provokes an aesthetic emotion, which defines art. Quick association: 'Significant form' gives a 'significant aesthetic shiver'.
审美判断探讨是什么让某物美或成为艺术。贝尔认为'有意味的形式'——线条、色彩和形状的排列——能引发审美情感，从而定义艺术。快速联想：'有意味的形式'引发'有意味的审美颤栗'。
The imitation (mimetic) theory states that art is a copy of reality, going back to Plato. The expression theory claims art is the outpouring of the artist's emotions. Think of a mirror (imitation) versus a heart (expression). A good mnemonic: 'Mimesis mirrors; expression exudes.'
模仿说认为艺术是对现实的摹仿，可追溯至柏拉图。表现说则宣称艺术是艺术家情感的流露。想象一面镜子（模仿）对比一颗心（表现）。好记口诀：'模仿即映照；表现即流露。'
12. Memory Hacks for Philosophy | 哲学记忆技巧总结
Create acronyms to lock key argument parts. For the Design Argument, use DENTS: Design apparent in nature, Eye is complex like a camera, Natural world shows regularity, Teleological means purpose, Supreme designer inferred. For the Cosmological Argument, think of a 3‑C chain: Cause, Change, Contingency – Aquinas' three ways.
制作首字母缩略词锁住论证要点。对设计论证，用 DENTS：Design（设计显于自然）、Eye（眼睛复杂如相机）、Natural（自然界有规律）、Teleological（目的论）、Supreme designer（推断最高设计者）。对宇宙论论证，想一个 3‑C 链：Cause、Change、Contingency——阿奎那的三条路。
Turn abstract terms into vivid pictures. For Aristotle's mean, imagine a tightrope walker balancing between two nets labelled 'excess' and 'deficiency'. For dualism, picture a thought bubble floating above a robot body. The more bizarre the image, the stronger your recall.
将抽象术语转为生动画面。对亚里士多德的中道，想象走钢丝者在标有'过度'和'不及'的两张网间平衡。对二元论，想象一个思维泡泡漂浮在机器人身体上方。画面越离奇，回想越牢固。
Use word stories and rhymes. Bentham's hedonic calculus: 'He don't ignore pleasure, he calculates it.' Kant's categorical imperative: 'A category of rules that never lets you lie.' Or chant the Three Ways: 'Cause, change, contingency – for God's contingency.' Simple tunes embed knowledge deep in memory.
运用字词故事和韵脚。边沁的 hedonic 计算法：'He don't ignore pleasure, he calculates it.' 康德的 categorical 命令：'A category of rules that never lets you lie.' 或唱诵三路：'Cause, change, contingency – for God's contingency.' 简单调子将知识深深嵌入记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图