📚 Year 8 CCEA Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 8 CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick memory guide for Year 8 CCEA Psychology. Mastering the key vocabulary and terminology is the first step to understanding the mind and behaviour. This guide uses simple memory tricks, mnemonics, and clear definitions to help you remember essential terms for your studies. By linking each term to a vivid image or a play on words, you can move from simple recall to deeper understanding. Use this guide as a companion throughout your course, reviewing one section at a time to build your mental dictionary.
欢迎使用 Year 8 CCEA 心理学词汇术语速记指南。掌握关键词汇和术语是理解心理与行为的第一步。本指南采用简单的记忆技巧、助记法和清晰的定义，帮助你记住学习中的重要术语。通过将每个术语与生动图像或文字游戏联系起来，你能够从简单回忆走向更深入的理解。将本指南作为课程的伙伴，每次复习一节，逐步构建你的心理词典。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. The word comes from the Greek 'psyche' (mind/soul) and 'logos' (study). A simple trick is to picture a giant 'mind logo' – a symbol that represents the study of thoughts, feelings and actions. Psychology is not just common sense; it uses systematic methods such as experiments and observations to gather evidence.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。这个单词源于希腊语'psyche'（心灵/灵魂）和'logos'（学问）。一个简单的记忆技巧是想象一个巨大的'心灵标志'（mind logo）——一个代表研究思想、情感和行为的符号。心理学并非仅仅常识，它使用实验、观察等系统方法来收集证据。
Behaviour refers to observable actions like talking, walking and laughing. Mental processes are internal experiences such as thinking, remembering and feeling. Remember the mnemonic: 'B for Body actions, M for Mind actions.' All psychology topics revolve around the link between what we do and what goes on inside our heads.
行为指可观察的动作，如说话、走路和笑。心理过程则是思维、记忆和感受等内部体验。助记法：'B代表身体动作，M代表心理活动'。所有心理学话题都围绕我们的所作所为与内心活动之间的联系展开。
2. Brain Basics: Neurons & Synapses | 大脑基础：神经元与突触
Neurons are nerve cells that transmit information using electrical and chemical signals. Imagine a tree: dendrites are the branches that receive signals, the axon is the long trunk that sends them, and the myelin sheath is the protective bark that speeds transmission. The saying 'nerves branch out like a tree' helps you visualise the structure.
神经元是使用电信号和化学信号传递信息的神经细胞。想象一棵树：树突是接收信号的树枝，轴突是传递信号的长树干，髓鞘是加速传导的保护树皮。'神经像树一样分枝'的说法能帮你形象化这个结构。
A synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters cross. Think of 'snap a gap' – a quick snap of chemicals jumping from one neuron to the next. The synapse ensures that signals move in one direction only, like a chemical relay race.
突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙，神经递质在此穿过。想想'snap a gap'——化学物质快速跃过间隙，从一个神经元跳到下一个。突触确保信号只朝一个方向传递，就像一场化学接力赛。
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. Dopamine is linked to reward and pleasure – remember 'dope' (slang for great) makes you feel great. Serotonin affects mood and calmness – 'serene' sounds like serotonin, reminding you it keeps you peaceful.
神经递质是化学信使。多巴胺与奖赏和愉悦有关——记住'dope'（俚语'酷'）让你感觉很棒。血清素影响情绪和宁静——'serene'（宁静）的发音类似serotonin，提醒你它让你保持平和。
3. The Central Nervous System | 中枢神经系统
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is the body's master control centre, processing information and issuing commands. A useful mnemonic is 'CNS = Command and Network System'. The spinal cord acts as a superhighway carrying messages to and from the brain.
中枢神经系统（CNS）由脑和脊髓组成。它是身体的总控制中心，处理信息并发出指令。一个有用的助记是'CNS = 指挥网络系统'。脊髓则像一条超级高速公路，传递往返于大脑的信息。
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the limbs and organs. 'Peripheral' means outer edge, like a perimeter fence. Picture the PNS as a web of nerves spreading to your fingers and toes, carrying sensory and motor signals.
周围神经系统（PNS）连接中枢神经系统与四肢和器官。'Peripheral'意为外围，就像周界围栏。可以想象PNS是一张铺展到手指和脚趾的神经网，传递感觉和运动信号。
Within the PNS, the autonomic nervous system controls automatic functions such as heartbeat and breathing. The sympathetic branch activates the fight-or-flight response, while the parasympathetic branch restores calm ('rest and digest'). Remember: sympathetic gets you 'sympathetic to a threat', parasympathetic returns you to a 'parachute' of peace.
在PNS中，自主神经系统控制心跳、呼吸等自动功能。交感神经分支激活战或逃反应，副交感神经分支恢复平静（'休息与消化'）。记住：交感神经让你'对威胁产生共情（sympathetic）'，副交感神经让你回到'降落伞（parachute）'一般的安全状态。
4. Memory: Short-term & Long-term | 记忆：短时与长时
(STM) holds about 7±2 items for roughly 20 seconds unless rehearsed. This is often called 'the magic number 7' city. Think of STM as a sticky note: it holds a little information and vanishes if you don't attend to it.
短时记忆（STM）大约能保持7±2个项目，时间约20秒，除非进行复述。这常被称为'魔力数字7'。组块化将零散信息整合成较大的单元，比如把一串数字变成电话号码，有助于扩大容量。把STM想象成一张便利贴：它暂时存一些信息，若不留意便会消失。
Long-term memory (LTM) has virtually unlimited capacity and can last a lifetime. Encoding through meaning (semantic encoding) is the strongest route to LTM. A useful image: LTM is like a vast library, while STM is the small desk where you currently read a book. The retrieval cue is the library catalogue card that helps you find the memory.
长时记忆（LTM）容量几乎无限，可以持续一生。通过意义进行编码（语义编码）是进入LTM的最强途径。一个有用的图像：LTM像一个巨大的图书馆，而STM是你当前正读书的小书桌。提取线索就是帮你找到记忆的图书馆目录卡。
5. Encoding & Retrieval Cues | 编码与提取线索
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored. There are three main types: visual (picture), acoustic (sound) and semantic (meaning). A rhyme trick: 'Don't just see or hear, make meaning clear – semantic's the king to make memory cling.' The deeper you process information, the better you remember.
编码是将感官输入转化为可储存形式的过程。有三种主要类型：视觉（图像）、听觉（声音）和语义（意义）。一个押韵口诀：'不要只看或听，把意思弄清——语义是王，让记忆粘牢。' 对信息加工越深，记住得就越好。
Retrieval cues are stimuli that trigger the recall of stored information. They work like a key opening a lock. Context-dependent memory shows that you remember better when you are in the same environment where you learned the material. For instance, if you study while chewing a particular flavour of gum, chewing it again during an exam may aid recall.
提取线索是触发现存信息回忆的刺激。它们像钥匙开锁一样工作。情境依赖记忆表明，当你在学习时的同一环境中，你会记得更好。例如，如果你在某一种口味的口香糖陪伴下学习，考试时再嚼同一口味可能有助于回忆。
State-dependent memory refers to improved recall when your internal state matches that during learning. If you are happy while studying, a happy mood later can serve as a cue. Think of your brain as tagging memories with emotional labels.
状态依赖记忆指当你的内部状态与学习时一致时，回忆效果更好。如果你学习时开心，之后的愉快心情可以作为线索。把你的大脑想象为给记忆贴上情绪标签。
6. Classical Conditioning: Pavlov's Dogs | 经典条件反射：巴甫洛夫的狗
Classical conditioning involves learning through association. Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs salivated not only to food but also to the footsteps of the lab assistant who brought it. He systematically paired a neutral stimulus (a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food), which naturally caused salivation (unconditioned response). After repeated pairings, the bell alone became a conditioned stimulus, producing the conditioned response of salivation.
经典条件反射通过联想学习。伊万·巴甫洛夫注意到，狗不仅对食物分泌唾液，也对送食物来的实验室助手脚步声分泌唾液。他系统地将一个中性刺激（铃声）与无条件刺激（食物）配对，食物自然引起唾液分泌（无条件反应）。多次配对后，铃声单独成为条件刺激，引起条件反应——分泌唾液。
Key terms to remember: US = Unconditioned Stimulus (food – automatically triggers a response), UR = Unconditioned Response (salivation to food – natural), CS = Conditioned Stimulus (bell – learned), CR = Conditioned Response (salivation to bell – learned). Use the rhyme 'You Eat (US) and drool (UR); you hear a bell (CS) and drool as well (CR).'
需要记住的关键术语：US = 无条件刺激（食物——自动引发反应），UR = 无条件反应（对食物流唾液——自然的），CS = 条件刺激（铃声——习得的），CR = 条件反应（对铃声流唾液——习得的）。用顺口溜：'You Eat (US) and drool (UR); you hear a bell (CS) and drool as well (CR).'
Remember also the concepts of extinction (the CR fades when the CS is presented repeatedly without the US) and spontaneous recovery (the CR briefly reappears after a pause). Think of a campfire: the flames die down (extinction) but a small flicker can reappear (spontaneous recovery).
还要记住消退（当CS反复呈现而不伴随US时，CR逐渐减弱）和自然恢复（暂停后CR短暂再现）的概念。想象一堆篝火：火焰熄灭（消退），但小火苗可能复燃（自然恢复）。
7. Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement & Punishment | 操作条件反射：强化与惩罚
Operant conditioning is learning through consequences, developed by B. F. Skinner. Behaviour is shaped by reinforcement (which increases behaviour) and punishment (which decreases behaviour). Positive means adding a stimulus, negative means removing one. So positive reinforcement adds a pleasant reward (e.g., praise) to strengthen a behaviour; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., a nagging sound) to strengthen behaviour.
操作条件反射是通过后果进行的学习，由B.F.斯金纳提出。行为由强化（增加行为）和惩罚（减少行为）塑造。正性意味着添加刺激，负性意味着移除刺激。因此，正强化添加愉快奖励（如表扬）来增强行为；负强化移除不愉快刺激（如唠叨声）来增强行为。
ay a pleasant stimulus (e.g., removing screen time) to reduce behaviour. A helpful slogan: 'forcement = more of the behaviour, Punishment = less. Positive = add, Negative = subtract.'
惩罚：正惩罚添加不愉快的刺激（如责骂）以减少行为；负惩罚拿走愉快的刺激（如取消屏幕时间）以减少行为。一句有用的口号：'强化 = 更多行为，惩罚 = 更少行为。正 = 添加，负 = 减去。'
Skinner demonstrated these principles with rats in a 'Skinner box'. The rat presses a lever (operant response) and receives a food pellet (positive reinforcement), so lever pressing increases. To remember, imagine the rat saying 'Press and get a reward – that's positive reinforcement, my main accord!'
斯金纳用'斯金纳箱'中的老鼠展示这些原理。老鼠按压杠杆（操作反应）得到食物丸（正强化），于是按压行为增加。为了记住，想象老鼠说：'按一下就有奖，这就是正强化，我最喜欢！'
8. Social Influence: Conformity (Asch) | 社会影响：从众（阿希实验）
Conformity is the tendency to change one's behaviour or beliefs to fit in with a group. Solomon Asch conducted line-judging experiments where confederates deliberately gave wrong answers. Many real participants conformed at least once, despite clear evidence, to avoid standing out. This reveals normative social influence (wanting to be liked) and informational social influence (believing the group is correct).
从众是一种改变行为或信念以融入群体的倾向。所罗门·阿希进行了线段判断实验，实验中假被试故意给出错误答案。许多真实被试至少从众了一次，尽管证据明显，只为了避免突出自己。这显示了规范社会影响（希望被喜欢）和信息社会影响（认为群体是正确的）。
Memory aid: 'Asch' sounds like 'ask' – ask yourself why you follow the crowd. Normative influence is like 'normal' – you want to appear normal. Informational influence kicks in when you are unsure and follow others as a 'source of info'.
记忆辅助：'Asch'发音像'ask'——问问自己为什么随大流。规范影响就像'正常'——你想显得正常。信息影响在你无把握时起作用，你跟随他人，把他们当作'信息来源'。
Factors affecting conformity include group size (bigger usually means more conformity, up to a point), unanimity (if one other person gives the right answer, conformity drops), and task difficulty (harder tasks increase conformity). Think of the group as a herd – the more unanimity, the harder it is to break away.
影响从众的因素包括群体规模（更大规模通常意味着更多从众，到某个临界点）、一致性（如果有另一个人给出正确答案，从众会下降）和任务难度（更难的任务会增加从众）。把群体想象成一群动物——越是一致，越难脱离。
9. Obedience: Milgram's Shock Experiment | 服从：米尔格拉姆电击实验
Obedience is following direct orders from an authority figure, even if the orders conflict with personal conscience. Stanley Milgram's famous study involved participants believing they were delivering increasingly strong electric shocks to a 'learner' when he gave wrong answers. Despite protests and screams, a surprising number continued to the maximum voltage when instructed by an experimenter in a lab coat.
服从是听从权威人物的直接命令，即使命令与个人良知冲突。斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的著名实验让参与者以为他们在'学习者'回答错误时施加越来越强的电击。尽管有抗议和尖叫，在穿白大褂的实验者的指令下，相当多的人仍然继续到最大电压。
Key factors that influence obedience: authority proximity (the closer the authority figure, the higher obedience), uniform (a lab coat adds legitimacy), and location (a prestigious university setting increases obedience). A memory hook: 'Mil
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