📚 Year 8 CCEA Psychology: Case Study Practice | Year 8 CCEA 心理学：案例分析实战演练
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour. To understand how psychological concepts apply to real life, we use case studies — in-depth investigations of individuals or groups. This article will help you practise analysing case studies, a key skill for Year 8 CCEA Psychology. You will review core concepts like memory, learning, conformity, and attachment by examining realistic scenarios.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究。为了理解心理学概念如何应用于现实生活，我们使用案例研究——对个体或群体的深入调查。本文将帮助你练习分析案例研究，这是CCEA 八年级心理学的一项关键技能。通过研究真实情境，你将复习记忆、学习、从众和依恋等核心概念。
1. What is a Case Study? | 什么是案例研究？
A case study is a detailed examination of a single person, group, or event. Psychologists use case studies to gain deep insights, especially when studying rare phenomena or ethical issues prevent experiments. For example, the case of Phineas Gage helped us learn about the brain's frontal lobe and personality.
案例研究是对单一个人、群体或事件的详细考察。心理学家使用案例研究来获得深入见解，尤其是在研究罕见现象或伦理问题阻止实验时。例如，菲尼亚斯·盖奇的案例帮助我们了解了大脑额叶与人格的关系。
Case studies often combine interviews, observations, and psychological tests. They provide rich, qualitative data but can be difficult to generalise because they focus on unique situations.
案例研究通常结合访谈、观察和心理测试。它们提供丰富的定性数据，但因为关注独特情境，可能难以推广。
In Year 8, you will learn to identify which psychological theories explain behaviour described in a case study.
在八年级，你将学会识别哪些心理学理论可以解释案例研究中描述的行为。
2. Steps for Analysing a Case Study | 案例分析的基本步骤
When faced with a case study, follow these steps: 1) Read carefully and note key facts. 2) Identify the behaviour or mental process in question. 3) Recall relevant psychological concepts. 4) Apply the concept to explain the behaviour, using evidence from the case. 5) Consider alternative explanations or limitations.
面对案例研究时，请遵循以下步骤：1) 仔细阅读并记下关键事实。2) 确定所讨论的行为或心理过程。3) 回顾相关的心理学概念。4) 应用概念解释行为，使用案例中的证据。5) 考虑替代解释或局限性。
Practise with the examples below. Each case highlights a different topic from the CCEA curriculum.
用下面的例子进行练习。每个案例突出了CCEA课程中的一个不同主题。
3. Case 1: Emma's Forgetting Curve | 案例一：艾玛的遗忘曲线
Emma studied hard for a history test. She memorised 20 facts perfectly on Monday night. By Tuesday morning, she recalled 18 facts. On Tuesday after school, she only remembered 10. By Wednesday, just 5 facts remained. She felt frustrated and thought her memory was terrible.
艾玛为历史考试努力学习。周一晚上她完美记住了20个事实。到周二早上，她回想起18个。周二放学后，只记得10个。到周三，只剩5个。她感到沮丧，认为自己的记忆力很差。
Which concept explains Emma's rapid forgetting? (a) Displacement from short-term memory (b) Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve (c) Proactive interference
哪个概念解释了艾玛的快速遗忘？(a) 短时记忆中的替代 (b) 艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线 (c) 前摄干扰
Answer: (b). Ebbinghaus found that most forgetting happens quickly after learning if there is no rehearsal. Emma did not review the material after Monday night, so retention dropped sharply. This curve shows a rapid decline in memory, then levelling off.
答案：(b)。艾宾浩斯发现，如果没有复述，大多数遗忘在学习后迅速发生。艾玛在周一晚上之后没有复习材料，所以记忆保持率急剧下降。这条曲线显示记忆先快速下降，然后趋于平稳。
To prevent this, psychologists recommend spaced repetition — reviewing material at regular intervals. Emma could have improved by reviewing on Tuesday morning and evening.
为防止这种情况，心理学家建议间隔重复——定期复习材料。艾玛若能在周二早上和晚上复习，就能改善记忆。
4. Case 2: Tom's Phobia of Dogs | 案例二：汤姆的惧狗症
When Tom was 4, a large dog barked loudly and knocked him over. The dog did not bite, but Tom felt terrified. Now aged 12, Tom becomes extremely anxious whenever he sees any dog, even small, quiet ones. His heart races and he avoids parks.
汤姆4岁时，一只大狗大声吠叫并把他撞倒了。狗没有咬他，但汤姆感到极度恐惧。现在12岁了，汤姆一看到任何狗，即使是安静的小狗，也会极度焦虑。他心跳加速，回避公园。
What learning process is responsible for Tom's fear? (a) Operant conditioning (b) Observational learning (c) Classical conditioning
哪种学习过程导致了汤姆的恐惧？(a) 操作性条件反射 (b) 观察学习 (c) 经典条件反射
Answer: (c). In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus (dog) became associated with a frightening event (loud bark + being knocked over). The dog is now a conditioned stimulus that triggers a conditioned fear response, similar to the unconditioned response of fear to the traumatic event.
答案：(c)。在经典条件反射中，中性刺激（狗）与可怕的事件（大声吠叫和被撞倒）形成了关联。狗现在成为条件刺激，引发条件性恐惧反应，类似于对创伤事件的无条件恐惧反应。
This is similar to the famous 'Little Albert' experiment by Watson and Rayner. Tom's fear generalised to all dogs, not just large ones. Treatment might involve gradual exposure (systematic desensitisation).
这类似于华生和雷纳著名的“小阿尔伯特”实验。汤姆的恐惧泛化到所有狗，不仅是大狗。治疗可能涉及逐步暴露（系统脱敏）。
5. Case 3: Conformity in the Lunch Queue | 案例三：午餐队列中的从众行为
At school, a group of five friends always chooses the same lunch option. Jess actually prefers pizza, but when her friends all pick chicken nuggets, she says she wants nuggets too, even though she doesn't really like them. Jess worries they would tease her if she chose differently.
在学校里，五个朋友总是选择相同的午餐。杰西其实更喜欢比萨，但当她的朋友们都选了鸡块时，她说她也想要鸡块，尽管她并不真的喜欢。杰西担心如果她做出不同选择，他们会取笑她。
Which social influence explains Jess's behaviour? (a) Obedience to authority (b) Normative social influence (conformity) (c) Informational social influence
哪种社会影响解释了杰西的行为？(a) 对权威的服从 (b) 规范性社会影响（从众） (c) 信息性社会影响
Answer: (b). Normative conformity occurs when we go along with the group to be accepted and avoid rejection. Jess conformed to the group norm even though privately she disagreed. This is like Asch's line judgement experiments, where participants conformed to an obviously wrong answer to fit in.
答案：(b)。规范性从众发生在我们为了被接纳、避免排斥而顺从群体时。杰西顺从了群体规范，即使私下她并不赞同。这就像阿希的线条判断实验，参与者为了合群而顺从了明显错误的答案。
6. Case 4: Imitating an Older Sibling | 案例四：模仿哥哥姐姐
Eight-year-old Ben watches his older brother, Leo, play video games. Leo often gets praised by their parents when he completes difficult levels. Ben then starts playing the same games and copies Leo's strategies exactly. Even without direct reward, Ben's gaming improves.
8岁的本观看他的哥哥利奥玩电子游戏。利奥完成困难关卡时常受到父母表扬。本随后开始玩同样的游戏，并完全模仿利奥的策略。即使没有直接奖励，本的玩技也在提高。
Which theory best describes Ben's learning? (a) Classical conditioning (b) Operant conditioning (shaping) (c) Observational learning (social learning theory)
哪种理论最好地描述了本的学习？(a) 经典条件反射 (b) 操作性条件反射（塑造） (c) 观察学习（社会学习理论）
Answer: (c). Bandura's social learning theory states that we learn by observing models and imitating their behaviour, especially if the model is rewarded (vicarious reinforcement). Ben saw Leo being praised (vicarious reinforcement) and so copied him. This involves attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
答案：(c)。班杜拉的社会学习理论指出，我们通过观察榜样并模仿其行为来学习，尤其是当榜样受到奖励时（替代性强化）。本看到利奥受到表扬（替代性强化），于是模仿了他。这涉及注意、保持、再现和动机。
7. Case 5: Lily's Strange Situation | 案例五：莉莉的陌生情境
In a psychology experiment based on Ainsworth's 'Strange Situation', 1-year-old Lily plays happily while her mother is present. When her mother leaves, Lily becomes very distressed. Upon reunion, Lily crawls to her mother quickly and is easily comforted. She then returns to playing.
在一个基于安斯沃思“陌生情境”的心理学实验中，1岁的莉莉在母亲在场时愉快地玩耍。当母亲离开时，莉莉变得非常难过。重聚时，莉莉迅速爬向母亲，很容易被安抚，随后又回去玩耍。
What attachment type does Lily demonstrate? (a) Insecure-avoidant (b) Secure attachment (c) Insecure-resistant
莉莉表现出了哪种依恋类型？(a) 不安全-回避型 (b) 安全型依恋 (c) 不安全-反抗型
Answer: (b). Secure attachment is characterised by distress when the caregiver leaves and quick comfort upon return, using the caregiver as a secure base to explore. Lily's behaviour matches this description. Ainsworth found that sensitive, responsive caregiving promotes secure attachment.
答案：(b)。安全型依恋的特征是看护者离开时感到痛苦，回来后迅速得到安慰，并把看护者作为安全基地去探索。莉莉的行为符合这一描述。安斯沃思发现，敏感、回应的看护方式能促进安全型依恋。
8. Case 6: Eyewitness Memory of the Garden | 案例六：花园事件的目击记忆
Two neighbours had an argument about a garden fence. Later, police asked a witness, 'How tall was the man who pushed the other?' Another witness was asked, 'How tall was the man when he was walking past?' The first witness estimated the man
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