Year 8 WJEC English: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 8年级 WJEC 英语：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 8 WJEC English: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | 8年级 WJEC 英语：公式定理速查手册

This handbook gathers the core 'formulas' and 'theorems' that every Year 8 student needs for WJEC English. Think of grammar rules, writing structures and analytical frameworks as reliable equations – once you learn them, you can apply them to any task with confidence.

这本手册收集了每个8年级学生在 WJEC 英语课程中需要的核心“公式”和“定理”。可以把语法规则、写作结构和分析框架看作可靠的方程式——一旦学会，你就能自信地应用到任何任务中。

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1. Sentence Structure Formulas | 句子结构公式

S + V (Subject + Verb)

The simplest complete sentence formula. It only needs a subject and a finite verb. Example: 'Birds sing.'

最简单的完整句子公式，只需要主语和限定动词。例子：'Birds sing.'（鸟儿歌唱。）

S + V + O (Subject + Verb + Object)

This formula adds an object that receives the action. Example: 'The cat chased the mouse.'

该公式增加了承受动作的宾语。例子：'The cat chased the mouse.'（猫追老鼠。）

S + V + C (Subject + Verb + Complement)

A complement describes the subject after a linking verb like 'is' or 'became'. Example: 'Harriet is a prefect.'

补语在系动词（如 'is'、'became'）之后描述主语。例子：'Harriet is a prefect.'（哈丽雅特是一名级长。）

S + V + A (Subject + Verb + Adverbial)

An adverbial adds information about where, when or how. Example: 'The train arrived late.'

状语补充地点、时间或方式信息。例子：'The train arrived late.'（火车晚点了。）

S + V + O + O (Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object)

Some verbs can take two objects. Example: 'Dad gave Liam a book.' (Liam = indirect object, a book = direct object.)

有些动词可以带两个宾语。例子：'Dad gave Liam a book.'（爸爸给了利亚姆一本书。）利亚姆是间接宾语，一本书是直接宾语。

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2. Tenses and Verb Forms | 时态与动词形式

Present Simple: S + V(base) / S + V(base)+s (he/she/it)

Used for habits and general truths. 'He plays tennis every Saturday.'

用于习惯和普遍真理。'He plays tennis every Saturday.'（他每周六打网球。）

Past Simple: S + V(ed) / irregular past form

Used for completed actions in the past. 'They visited Cardiff Castle last week.'

用于过去完成的动作。'They visited Cardiff Castle last week.'（他们上周参观了卡迪夫城堡。）

Present Continuous: S + am/is/are + V(ing)

Shows an action happening now or a future arrangement. 'We are studying Chapter 4 at the moment.'

表示正在发生的动作或未来安排。'We are studying Chapter 4 at the moment.'（我们此刻正在学习第四章。）

Past Continuous: S + was/were + V(ing)

Describes an ongoing action in the past, often interrupted by another event. 'I was reading when the phone rang.'

描述过去正在进行的动作，常被另一事件打断。'I was reading when the phone rang.'（我正在读书，电话响了。）

Future Simple: S + will + V(base)

Expresses a future decision or prediction. 'The match will finish before dark.'

表达未来的决定或预测。'The match will finish before dark.'（比赛将在天黑前结束。）

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3. Punctuation Principles | 标点符号法则

Punctuation Mark	Rule (Formula)	标点符号	规则（公式）
Full stop (.)	Ends a declarative or imperative sentence.	句号 (.)	结束陈述句或祈使句。
Comma (,)	Separates items in a list, or a subordinate clause before a main clause.	逗号 (,)	分隔列表项，或置于主句前的从句之后。
Apostrophe (')	Shows possession (Tom's book) or contraction (don't).	撇号 (')	表示所有格 (Tom's book) 或缩略 (don't)。
Question mark (?)	Only used after a direct question.	问号 (?)	仅用于直接问句之后。
Speech marks (" ")	Enclose direct speech. Place punctuation inside the closing speech marks.	引号 (" ")	括住直接引语。标点放在后引号内。

Memorising these punctuation 'formulas' will instantly improve the clarity of your writing for WJEC assessments.

记住这些标点“公式”会立刻提升你在 WJEC 测评中写作的清晰度。

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4. Figurative Language Theorems | 修辞语言定理

Simile Theorem: X is like Y

A simile compares two different things using 'like' or 'as'. 'The night sky was like black velvet.'

明喻用 'like' 或 'as' 比较两种不同事物。'The night sky was like black velvet.'（夜空像黑色天鹅绒。）

Metaphor Theorem: X is Y

A metaphor states that one thing is another, creating a stronger image. 'The classroom was a zoo.'

暗喻宣称一事物就是另一事物，营造更强烈的意象。'The classroom was a zoo.'（教室是个动物园。）

Personification Theorem: non-human thing + human action/feeling

Giving human qualities to objects or nature. 'The wind whispered through the trees.'

赋予物体或自然现象人的特质。'The wind whispered through the trees.'（风穿过树丛低语。）

Alliteration Formula: repeated initial consonant sound

Two or more words beginning with the same sound placed close together. 'silently the snow settled.'

两个或以上词以相同辅音开头并紧邻放置。'silently the snow settled.'（寂静中雪落下了。）

Onomatopoeia Theorem: word imitates sound

A word that mimics the sound it describes. 'The bacon sizzled in the pan.'

词语模仿其描述的声音。'The bacon sizzled in the pan.'（培根在锅里嘶嘶作响。）

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5. Analytical Paragraph Structure (PEEL) | 分析段落结构 (PEEL)

PEEL = Point + Evidence + Explanation + Link

This formula helps you write strong analytical paragraphs for WJEC reading and literature tasks.

这个公式帮助你为 WJEC 阅读和文学任务写出有力的分析段落。

Point (P): State your main idea clearly in one sentence.

Point (P): 用一句话清晰陈述你的主要观点。

Evidence (E): Embed a short quotation or specific detail from the text.

Evidence (E): 嵌入文本中的简短引文或具体细节。

Explanation (E): Analyse how the evidence supports your point, exploring the writer's methods and effect on the reader.

Explanation (E): 分析证据如何支持你的观点，探究作者的手法及对读者的影响。

Link (L): Connect back to the question or link to the next paragraph.

Link (L): 回扣题目或衔接到下一段落。

For instance, 'The poet presents isolation through imagery (P). The phrase 'empty chair' (E) suggests loss and absence, making the reader feel the speaker's loneliness (E). This image links to the wider theme of grief in the poem (L).'

例如，'诗人通过意象呈现孤独感（P）。“空椅子”一词（E）暗示失落与空缺，使读者感受到说话者的寂寞（E）。这一意象连接了诗歌更广泛的哀伤主题（L）。'

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6. Creative Writing Story Mountain | 创意写作故事山公式

Story Arc Formula: Orientation → Complication → Climax → Resolution → Conclusion

WJEC narrative writing tasks expect a clear structure. The story mountain gives you a reliable plot 'formula'.

WJEC 叙事写作任务期望清晰的结构。故事山为你提供了可靠的情节“公式”。

Orientation: Introduce the character(s) and setting. Answer who, where and when.

开端：介绍人物和背景。回答谁、在哪里、何时。

Complication: A problem or challenge arises that disrupts the normal world.

发展：出现一个打破正常世界的问题或挑战。

Climax: The highest point of tension; the character faces the problem directly.

高潮：紧张程度最高点；人物直接面对问题。

Resolution: The problem is resolved, and loose ends are tied up.

解决：问题得到解决，散落的线索收束。

Conclusion: Reflect on what changed, leaving the reader with a final image or thought.

结局：反思发生了什么变化，留给读者一个最后的画面或思考。

Applying this formula guarantees your story will have a satisfying shape, which examiners reward with marks for organisation.

应用这个公式能保证你的故事拥有令人满意的主线，考官会在组织结构上给你加分。

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7. Persuasive Writing Formula (A FOREST) | 说服性写作公式 (A FOREST)

Persuasion Theorem: A + F + O + R + E + S + T

Use this acronym to load your writing with persuasive devices in WJEC transactional tasks.

在 WJEC 事务性写作任务中，使用这组首字母缩写可以给你的文章装上说服利器。

A – Alliteration: Capture attention with repeated initial sounds. 'A bright, better Britain.'

A – 头韵：用重复的辅音开头吸引注意。'A bright, better Britain.'（一个光明、更美好的不列颠。）

F – Facts: Use indisputable information to build credibility. 'Three out of four teenagers agree.'

F – 事实：用无可争辩的信息建立可信度。'四分之三的青少年同意。'

O – Opinions: Assert strong viewpoints. 'This is simply the best decision for our school.'

O – 观点：表达强烈看法。'这对我们学校简直是最好的决定。'

R – Rhetorical Questions: Make the reader think. 'Do we really want to live in a world without clean air?'

R – 反问：引发读者思考。'我们真的想生活在一个没有清洁空气的世界吗？'

E – Emotive Language: Stir feelings with carefully chosen words. 'heartbreaking', 'thrilling'.

E – 煽情语言：用精心挑选的词语激发感情，如'令人心碎的'、'令人兴奋的'。

S – Statistics: Use numbers to prove your point. '90% of pupils reported feeling safer.'

S – 统计数据：用数字证明观点。'90% 的学生反映感到更安全。'

T – Triples (Rule of Three): Group ideas in threes for impact. 'It's cheap, it's fast, it's fun.'

T – 三连排比（三法则）：以三个为一组排列概念以达到冲击力。'它便宜、它快捷、它有趣。'

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8. Summary and Paraphrasing Steps | 总结与改写步骤

Summary Formula: Read → Identify Key Ideas → Write in Your Own Words → Shorten

WJEC comprehension often asks you to summarise. Follow this step-by-step theorem.

WJEC 阅读理解经常要求你做总结。遵循这个分步定理。

Step 1: Read actively. Highlight or note down the topic sentence of each paragraph and any repeated ideas.

第一步：主动阅读。高亮或记下每段的主题句以及任何重复出现的概念。

Step 2: Select only essential points. Discard examples, statistics and background details unless they are crucial to the core meaning.

第二步：只选取关键点。舍弃例子、统计数据和背景细节，除非它们对核心意思至关重要。

Step 3: Paraphrase in fresh language. Replace key words with synonyms and restructure sentences. Never copy the original word for word.

第三步：用全新语言改写。用同义词替换关键词，并重组句子结构。切勿逐字照抄原文。

Step 4: Condense. Your summary should be about one-third the length of the original, keeping the balance of ideas.

第四步：精简。你的总结应约为原文长度的三分之一，同时保持各观点的平衡。

Practise this formula on a short news article each week to make it automatic.

每周用一篇短篇新闻练习这个公式，使其成为自动反应。

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9. Reading Comprehension Question Types | 阅读理解题型公式

WJEC papers use distinct question patterns. Recognising the 'question formula' helps you answer precisely.

WJEC 试卷使用不同的提问模式。识别“问题公式”有助于精确作答。

Literal Question Formula: retrieve + stated information

These questions ask you to find facts directly in the text. Look for keywords from the question in the passage and copy a short quotation or phrase.

这类问题要求你从文中直接寻找事实。在文中定位问题里的关键词，然后抄录一段简短的引文或词组。

Inference Question Formula: read between the lines + evidence

You need to work out what is suggested, not stated. Provide a hidden meaning and back it up with a text clue. 'The character's clenched fists suggest anger, because the text describes 'knuckles white as bone'.'

你需要推断文中暗示而非明说的内容。给出隐含意义并用文本线索支持。'人物紧握的拳头暗示愤怒，因为文内描述“指节白得像骨头”。'

Evaluative Question Formula: judgement + tone/technique + reason

You must assess how a writer achieves an effect. Name the technique, describe the impact, and explain why it works. 'The simile creates a sinister mood by comparing the house to a prison.'

你必须评价作者如何达到某种效果。说出技巧名称，描述效果，并解释为什么有效。'那个明喻通过把房子比作监狱制造了阴森的气氛。'

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10. Grammar Rules Quick Check | 语法规则速查

Subject–Verb Agreement Theorem: singular subject → singular verb; plural subject → plural verb

The verb must match the subject. 'The list of items is long' (not 'are long') because 'list' is singular.

动词必须与主语一致。'The list of items is long'（不是 'are long'），因为 'list' 是单数。

Double Negative Theorem: one negative per clause

Avoid using two negative words together. 'I don't have anything' not 'I don't have nothing'.

避免同时使用两个否定词。'I don't have anything'，而非 'I don't have nothing'。

Its vs. It's Formula

'Its' shows possession (its colour). 'It's' is short for 'it is' or 'it has'. Substitute mentally: if you can say 'it is', use the apostrophe.

'Its' 表示所有格（它的颜色）。'It's' 是 'it is' 或 'it has' 的缩略。心里替换一下：能说 'it is' 就用撇号。

Affect vs. Effect Formula

'Affect' is usually a verb (= to influence). 'Effect' is usually a noun (= a result). 'The rain affected the game. The effect was a draw.'

'Affect' 通常是动词（=影响）。'Effect' 通常是名词（=结果）。'The rain affected the game. The effect was a draw.'（雨影响了比赛，结果是平局。）

There/Their/They're Theorem

'There' refers to a place. 'Their' shows possession. 'They're' is short for 'they are'. Check by testing each meaning in your sentence.

'There' 表示地点。'Their' 表示所有格。'They're' 是 'they are' 的缩略。通过在句中测试每种含义来检查。

Keep this quick reference close when editing your own writing – it will raise your technical accuracy marks.

在校对自己的写作时，把这份速查放在手边——它会提高你的技术准确性得分。

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