📚 Year 8 WJEC Psychology: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | Year 8 WJEC 心理学：核心术语速记指南
Mastering terminology is the foundation of doing well in Year 8 WJEC Psychology. This guide breaks down the most essential terms into clear, bite-sized definitions, pairing each one with a memory tip where possible. Use it alongside your class notes to build a strong mental glossary and feel more confident when tackling exam-style questions.
掌握术语是在 Year 8 WJEC 心理学中取得好成绩的基石。本指南将最关键的术语拆解为清晰、简明的定义，并尽可能为每个术语配上记忆小贴士。配合课堂笔记使用，帮你构建坚实的心理学词汇库，在应对考试题型时更加自信。
1. Core Psychological Concepts | 核心心理学概念
Psychology: The scientific study of the mind and behaviour. It looks at how people think, feel, and act both individually and in groups.
心理学： 对心理和行为的科学研究。它探究人们如何思考、感受和行动，既包括个体也包括群体。
Behaviour: Any observable action made by a living person or animal. Yawning, laughing, and pressing a button are all examples of behaviour.
行为： 生物个体做出的任何可观察的动作。打哈欠、笑、按下按钮都是行为的例子。
Cognition: All the mental processes involved in knowing, such as thinking, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. It is our "inner world" that is not directly visible.
认知： 所有与知晓有关的心理过程，如思考、记忆、判断和问题解决。它是我们无法直接看到的“内在世界”。
Nature vs. Nurture: The debate about whether our behaviour is determined by our genes and biology (nature) or by our environment and experiences (nurture).
先天与后天： 有关我们的行为是由基因与生物学决定（先天）还是由环境和经历决定（后天）的争论。
2. Research Methods: Variables | 研究方法：变量
Independent Variable (IV): The factor that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates in an experiment. It is the "cause" in a cause-and-effect investigation.
自变量 (IV)： 研究者在实验中故意改变或操控的因素。在因果关系研究中，它是“因”。
Dependent Variable (DV): The factor that the researcher measures. It is expected to change as a result of altering the independent variable; it is the "effect."
因变量 (DV)： 研究者测量的因素。它预期会因自变量的改变而变化，是“果”。
Extraneous Variable: Any variable other than the IV that might affect the DV if not controlled. Keeping these constant makes the experiment fair.
额外变量： 除自变量外，如果不加控制就可能影响因变量的任何变量。控制这些变量能让实验更加公平。
Control Condition: A level of the IV in which nothing is changed; it provides a baseline to compare the experimental condition against.
控制条件： 自变量中不做任何改变的一个水平；它提供了一个与实验条件进行比较的基线。
3. Research Methods: Data & Ethics | 研究方法：数据与伦理
Quantitative Data: Numerical information that can be counted or measured, such as reaction time in milliseconds or the number of words recalled.
定量数据： 可以计数或测量的数值信息，例如以毫秒计的反应时间或回忆出的单词数量。
Qualitative Data: Non-numerical information that describes qualities, thoughts, or feelings, often collected through interviews and open-ended questions.
定性数据： 描述性质、想法或感受的非数值信息，通常通过访谈和开放式问题收集。
Mean: The average score, calculated by adding up all the values and dividing by the number of values.
平均数： 将所有数值相加后除以数值个数得出的平均分数。
Median: The middle value when all the data are arranged in order from smallest to largest.
中位数： 将所有数据按从小到大的顺序排列后，位于中间的那个值。
Mode: The value that appears most frequently in a set of data.
众数： 一组数据中出现次数最多的值。
Ethics: The moral principles and guidelines that protect the rights and well-being of participants in psychological research, including informed consent, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw.
伦理： 保护心理研究参与者权利和福祉的道德准则与规范，包括知情同意、保密和退出权。
4. Memory: Key Processes and Terms | 记忆：关键过程与术语
Encoding: The process of taking in information and changing it into a form that can be stored in the brain. Think of it as typing words into a computer.
编码： 接收信息并将其转换成大脑可以存储的形式的过程。可以想象成把文字输入电脑。
Storage: Keeping encoded information within the memory system over a period of time. It is like saving a file on a hard drive.
存储： 将编码后的信息在记忆系统中保留一段时间的状态。就像把文件保存在硬盘上。
Retrieval: Locating and bringing stored information back into conscious awareness when it is needed, like opening a saved document.
提取： 在需要时将存储的信息定位并带回意识层面的过程，就像打开一份已保存的文件。
Short-term Memory (STM): A temporary memory store with limited capacity (about 7 items) and very short duration (around 18–30 seconds) unless we rehearse the information.
短时记忆 (STM)： 容量有限（约 7 个组块）、持续时间很短（约 18–30 秒）的暂时性记忆存储，除非我们不断复述信息。
Long-term Memory (LTM): A relatively permanent memory store with potentially unlimited capacity and duration, holding everything from facts to personal experiences.
长时记忆 (LTM)： 容量和持续时间可能无限的相对永久性记忆存储，保存着从事实到个人经历的一切信息。
5. The Brain and Nervous System | 大脑与神经系统
Neuron: A specialised cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system. Neurons are the basic building blocks of the brain.
神经元： 在整个神经系统中传递电信号和化学信号的特化细胞，是大脑的基本构成单位。
Synapse: The tiny gap between the end of one neuron and the beginning of another, where chemical messages called neurotransmitters are released.
突触： 一个神经元末端与另一个神经元始端之间的微小间隙，在这里会释放被称为神经递质的化学信使。
Neurotransmitter: A chemical messenger that travels across the synapse to pass a signal from one neuron to the next. Serotonin and dopamine are examples.
神经递质： 穿越突触将信号从一个神经元传递到下一个神经元的化学信使。例如血清素和多巴胺。
Central Nervous System (CNS): Made up of the brain and spinal cord, it processes all incoming sensory information and sends out instructions to the body.
中枢神经系统 (CNS)： 由大脑和脊髓组成，负责处理所有传入的感觉信息并向身体发出指令。
Cerebellum: A region at the back of the brain that plays a key role in coordinating movement, balance, and posture.
小脑： 位于大脑后部的区域，在协调运动、平衡和姿势方面发挥关键作用。
6. Developmental Psychology: Piaget’s Terms | 发展心理学：皮亚杰术语
Schema: A mental framework or "folder" of knowledge that helps us organise and interpret information. We build schemas through experience.
图式： 帮助我们组织和解释信息的心理框架或知识“文件夹”。我们通过经验来构建图式。
Assimilation: Fitting new information into an existing schema without changing the schema itself. For example, calling a zebra a "horse" because you already have a horse schema.
同化： 在不改变原有图式的情况下，把新信息纳入现有图式中。例如，因为已经有了马的图式而把斑马也叫做“马”。
Accommodation: Changing an existing schema or creating a new one because new information does not fit. Realising a zebra is different and forming a new zebra schema.
顺应： 由于新信息不匹配而改变现有图式或创建新图式。意识到斑马与马不同，从而形成新的斑马图式。
Object Permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Infants typically develop this in the first year.
客体永久性： 明白即使看不见、听不到或摸不着，物体依然继续存在。婴儿通常在出生后第一年内发展出这一认识。
Egocentrism: Difficulty in seeing a situation from another person's point of view. Young children in the preoperational stage often display this.
自我中心： 难以从他人的视角看待事情。前运算阶段的幼儿常常表现出这种特点。
7. Social Psychology: Influence and Groups | 社会心理学：影响与群体
Conformity: A change in a person's behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a group. It often happens to fit in.
从众： 由于来自群体的真实或想象的压力，个体的行为或观点发生改变。通常是为了融入群体。
Obedience: Following a direct order or command from someone perceived as an authority figure, often even if it conflicts with personal conscience.
服从： 遵从来自被视为权威人物的直接命令，即使该命令可能违背个人良知。
Bystander Effect: The finding that individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other people are present. The more bystanders, the less personal responsibility each feels.
旁观者效应： 人们在紧急情况下，如果还有其他人在场，伸出援手的可能性会降低。旁观者越多，每个人的个人责任感就越弱。
Stereotype: A fixed, over-generalised belief about a particular group of people. Stereotypes ignore individual differences.
刻板印象： 对某一特定人群的一种固化、过度概括的看法。刻板印象忽略了个体差异。
Prejudice: A negative attitude towards someone based solely on their membership of a particular group. It often stems from stereotypes.
偏见： 仅仅基于某人属于某个群体而产生的消极态度。偏见往往源于刻板印象。
8. Mental Health and Wellbeing | 心理健康与幸福感
Mental Health: A person’s emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and cope with daily life.
心理健康： 一个人在情绪、心理和社会层面的良好状态。它影响着我们如何思考、感受以及应对日常生活。
Stress: The body's physical and emotional response to perceived threats or demands. Short-term stress can be helpful, but chronic stress is harmful.
压力： 身体对感知到的威胁或需求做出的身心反应。短期压力可能有益，但长期压力有害健康。
Anxiety: A persistent feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease that goes beyond normal everyday concerns. It involves both mental and physical symptoms.
焦虑： 超出日常正常担忧范围的持续担忧、紧张或不安感，伴随心理和身体症状。
Phobia: An intense, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. The fear is out of proportion to the actual danger posed.
恐惧症： 对某一特定物体、情境或活动的强烈、不合理的恐惧。这种恐惧与实际危险不成比例。
Resilience: The ability to bounce back and adapt well in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant stress. It can be learned and developed.
心理韧性： 在面对逆境、创伤或巨大压力时能够恢复并良好适应的能力。它可以被学习和培养。
9. Top Memorisation Tips for Psychology Vocabulary | 心理学词汇记忆技巧精华
Turn terms into vivid stories: Create a short, silly story in which the term's meaning becomes the plot. For example, imagine a "neuron" as a delivery person handing out "neurotransmitter" letters at a doorway (the synapse).
把术语变成生动的故事： 编一个简短、搞笑的故事，让术语的含义成为故事情节。例如，想象“神经元”是一个快递员，在门口（突触）递送“神经递质”信件。
Use the keyword method: Find a familiar word or image that sounds like the new term and link it to the definition. For "schema," picture a "scheming" cat organising toys into folders.
使用关键词法： 找到一个发音与新术语相似的熟悉词汇或图像，并将其与定义联系起来。对于“图式 (schema)”，可以想象一只“诡计多端 (scheming)”的猫把玩具整理到文件夹里。
Draw dual-coded notes: Sketch a simple picture next to each term to bring together verbal and visual memory. A drawing of a seesaw can represent nature vs. nurture, with genes on one side and environment on the other.
画双编码笔记： 在每个术语旁画一个简单的图形，把言语记忆和视觉记忆结合起来。画一个跷跷板可以表示先天与后天，一边是基因，一边是环境。
Create acronyms and rhymes: For the memory processes, recall "E-S-R" (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval) as "Every Squirrel Remembers." Rhymes and catchy patterns make facts stick.
编首字母缩略词和韵文： 对于记忆过程，记住“E-S-R”（编码、存储、提取），可联想成“Every Squirrel Remembers（每只松鼠都记得）”。押韵和朗朗上口的模式让知识更难忘。
Practise retrieval, not just re-reading: Close the book and try to define each term out loud. Self-testing strengthens memory paths far more than simply highlighting text.
练习提取，而不只是重读： 合上书本，试着大声说出每个术语的定义。自我测试对记忆通路的强化作用远远超过仅仅划重点。
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