📚 Year 8 CCEA Physics: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 词汇术语速记指南
Physics is full of words that describe how things move, push, heat up, light up and even how the universe works. Building a strong physics vocabulary will help you read questions, explain ideas and score higher in your CCEA Year 8 assessments. This guide presents the core terms with clear definitions in English and Chinese, organised by topic for quick revision.
物理中有大量描述物体如何运动、如何相互作用、如何发光发热甚至宇宙如何运行的词汇。建立扎实的物理词汇基础，能帮助你更好地读题、阐述概念，并在CCEA Year 8考试中取得更高分数。本指南按主题整理了核心术语，提供清晰的英汉双语定义，便于你快速复习。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Forces are pushes or pulls that make objects move, stop, speed up, slow down or change direction. The terms below will help you describe and compare different forces and types of motion.
力是使物体开始运动、停止、加速、减速或改变方向的推或拉。以下术语将帮助你描述和比较不同的力以及运动的类型。
Force: A push or pull that can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Force is measured in newtons (N).
力：能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉作用，单位是牛顿 (N)。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass does not change with location.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克 (kg)。质量不随位置改变。
Weight: ravity, and is also measured in newtons (N). Weight = mass × gravitational field strength.
重量：作用在物体上的重力。重量取决于质量和重力强度，同样用牛顿 (N) 计量。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度。
Friction: A contact force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (e.g. walking) or unwanted (e.g. in engines).
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触面相对运动的接触力。摩擦力可能有用（如行走），也可能有害（如引擎中的摩擦）。
Air resistance: A type of friction caused by air particles colliding with a moving object. It increases with speed and surface area.
空气阻力：由空气微粒与运动物体碰撞产生的一种摩擦力。它随速度和迎风面积增大而增大。
Gravity: A non-contact force that pulls objects with mass towards each other. On Earth, gravity pulls objects downwards.
重力：将具有质量的物体互相吸引的非接触力。地球上的重力把物体向下拉。
Speed: ed divided by time taken (speed = distance ÷ time). The units are metres per second (m/s).
速度：物体运动的快慢。计算方法是路程除以时间（速度 = 路程 ÷ 时间）。单位是米每秒 (m/s)。
Acceleration: The rate at which speed changes. An object accelerates if it speeds up, slows down or changes direction. It is measured in metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度：速度变化的快慢。物体加速、减速或方向改变时都有加速度。单位是米每平方秒 (m/s²)。
Balanced forces: When forces acting on an object are equal in size and opposite in direction, they cancel each other out, so the object remains at rest or moves at a constant speed.
平衡力：作用在物体上的力大小相等、方向相反时互相抵消，物体保持静止或匀速运动。
Unbalanced forces: When the resultant force on an object is not zero, causing the object to change its speed or direction – in other words, to accelerate.
非平衡力：物体所受合力不为零时，导致其速度或方向改变，即产生加速度。
2. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量的储存与转移
Energy is needed to make things happen. It can be stored in different ways and transferred between objects or systems. You need to know the names of energy stores and how energy can move from one store to another.
能量是让事物发生变化的必要条件。它可以以不同形式储存，并在物体或系统间转移。你需要掌握能量储存方式的名称以及能量如何从一个储存转移到另一个储存。
Energy: The ability to do work or cause change. Energy is measured in joules (J).
能量：做功或引起变化的能力，单位是焦耳 (J)。
Kinetic energy: The energy stored in a moving object. The faster an object moves and the greater its mass, the more kinetic energy it has.
动能：运动物体储存的能量。物体运动越快、质量越大，动能就越大。
Gravitational potential energy: ecause of its height above the ground. GPE = mass × gravitational field strength × height.
重力势能：物体由于离地高度而储存的能量。重力势能 = 质量 × 重力场强度 × 高度。
Chemical energy: Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, such as in food, batteries and fuels. It is released during chemical reactions.
化学能：储存在化合物化学键中的能量，例如食物、电池和燃料中。化学能在化学反应中释放。
Thermal energy: The internal energy stored in a substance due to the vibration and movement of its particles. The hotter an object, the more thermal energy it stores.
热能：物质内部由于粒子振动和运动而储存的能量。物体越热，储存的热能越多。
Electrical energy: Energy transferred by moving electric charges, often carried through wires in a circuit.
电能：通过移动电荷传递的能量，通常通过电路中的导线传输。
Light energy: A form of energy that travels in straight lines as electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye, also called radiant energy.
光能：一种以直线传播的电磁波能量，人眼可见，也称为辐射能。
Sound energy: Energy transferred through vibrations that travel as longitudinal waves, usually through air or other materials.
声能：通过振动传播的能量，以纵波形式传播，通常穿过空气或其他介质。
Energy transfer: Movement of energy from one store to another, such as from chemical energy to kinetic energy in a moving car.
能量转移：能量从一种储存转移到另一种储存的过程，例如汽车中化学能转化为动能。
Conservation of energy: A scientific law stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed from one store to another.
能量守恒：一条科学定律：能量不能被创造或消灭，只能从一种储存转移到或转化为另一种储存。
3. Electricity | 电学
Electricity flows through circuits and powers our devices. Learning the vocabulary of current, voltage and circuit components helps you design and analyse electric circuits safely.
电流经电路驱动我们的设备。学习电流、电压和电路元件的词汇，能帮助你安全地设计和分析电路。
Current: The flow of electric charge around a circuit. Measured in amperes (A), often called 'amps'.
电流：电荷在电路中的流动，单位是安培 (A)，常简称 "安"。
Voltage: The push or electrical pressure that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
电压：驱动电流在电路中流动的"推力"或电压力，单位是伏特 (V)。
Resistance: A measure of how much a component opposes the flow of current. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻：衡量元件阻碍电流大小的量，单位是欧姆 (Ω)。
Circuit: A complete, closed loop through which electricity can flow. A break anywhere stops the current.
电路：电流能流通的完整闭合回路。任何一处断开都会使电流停止。
Series circuit: A circuit where components are arranged in a single loop, one after another, so the same current flows through each component.
串联电路：所有元件依次连接在同一个回路中，各元件通过的电流相同。
Parallel circuit: A circuit where components are connected on separate branches, so the current splits and flows through multiple paths.
并联电路：元件连接在不同的支路中，电流分为多条路径流动。
Conductor: A material that allows electric current to flow through it easily, such as copper wire.
导体：允许电流容易通过的材料，如铜导线。
Insulator: A material that does not allow electric current to flow through it easily, such as plastic or rubber.
绝缘体：阻止电流容易通过的材料，如塑料或橡胶。
Battery (cell): A source of chemical energy that provides a potential difference (voltage) to push current around a circuit. A battery contains two or more cells.
电池：提供电压推动电流的化学能源。一节电池称为一个 cell，电池组 (battery) 包含两节或更多 cell。
Ammeter: A device used to measure electric current, connected in series in a circuit.
电流表：测量电流的仪器，必须串联在电路中使用。
Voltmeter: A device used to measure voltage, connected in parallel across a component.
电压表：测量电压的仪器，必须并联在元件两端使用。
4. Magnetism | 磁学
Magnets can attract or repel without touching, creating invisible magnetic fields. Knowing the language of magnetism helps you explain how compasses, electric motors and electromagnets work.
磁体可以无需接触就产生吸引或排斥作用，并产生看不见的磁场。熟悉磁学词汇能帮你解释指南针、电动机和电磁铁的工作原理。
Magnet: An object that produces a magnetic field and can attract magnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt.
磁体：产生磁场并能吸引铁、镍、钴等磁性材料的物体。
North pole: The end of a magnet that points towards the Earth's geographic North when freely suspended. It repels another north pole.
北极（N极）：磁体自由悬挂时指向地球地理北极的一端。同极相斥。
South pole: The opposite end of a magnet, which points towards the geographic South. It repels another south pole.
南极（S极）：磁体的另一端，指向地理南极。同极相斥。
Magnetic field: The region around a magnet where its magnetic force can be felt, represented by field lines flowing from north to south.
磁场：磁体周围能感受到磁力作用的区域，用从 N 极指向 S 极的磁感线表示。
Attract: A pulling force that brings two objects together, e.g. opposite magnetic poles attract each other.
吸引：将两个物体拉向一起的力，例如异名磁极相互吸引。
Repel: A pushing force that moves two objects apart, e.g. like magnetic poles repel each other.
排斥：将两个物体推开的力，例如同名磁极相互排斥。
Electromagnet: A temporary magnet created when an electric current flows through a coil of wire, often with an iron core. Its strength can be changed.
电磁铁：电流流过线圈时产生的临时磁体，通常有铁芯。它的磁力可以调节。
Permanent magnet: A magnet that retains its magnetic properties for a long time without needing an electric current, such as a bar magnet.
永磁体：无需电流就能长期保持磁性的磁体，如条形磁铁。
Compass: A small magnetised needle that aligns with Earth's magnetic field, used to find direction.
指南针：一根可自由转动的小磁针，与地球磁场对齐，用于辨别方向。
5. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
Sound travels as a wave, carrying energy from a vibrating source to our ears. Understanding wave vocabulary will help you describe pitch, loudness and how sound behaves in different materials.
声音以波的形式传播，将能量从振动源带到我们耳朵。理解波动词汇将帮助你描述音调、响度以及声音在不同介质中的行为。
Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy from place to place without transferring matter. Sound waves and light waves are examples.
波：将能量从一个地方传递到另一个地方的扰动，不伴随物质转移。声波和光波都是例子。
Amplitude: The maximum distance a point on a wave moves from its rest position. For sound, greater amplitude means a louder sound.
振幅：波上的点离开平衡位置的最大距离。对声音来说，振幅越大，声音越响。
Frequency: The number of complete waves passing a point each second, measured in hertz (Hz). High frequency results in a high-pitched sound.
频率：每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位是赫兹 (Hz)。频率高则音调高。
Wavelength: The distance between two identical points on consecutive waves, such as crest to crest.
波长：相邻波上两个相同点之间的距离，例如波峰到波峰。
Sound wave: A longitudinal wave that travels through a medium such as air, caused by vibrating objects.
声波：由振动物体产生的纵波，需要依靠介质（如空气）传播。
Vibration: A rapid back-and-forth movement that produces sound, such as a plucked guitar string.
振动：产生声音的快速往复运动，例如拨动后的吉他琴弦。
Pitch: How high or low a sound is judged by the human ear, determined by the frequency of the sound wave.
音调：人耳判断声音高低的感觉，由声波频率决定。
Loudness: The human perception of how strong or intense a sound is, related to the amplitude of the sound wave.
响度：人耳判断声音强弱的感觉，与声波的振幅有关。
Echo: A reflected sound wave that reaches the listener after bouncing off a hard surface.
回声：声波经硬表面反射后，被听者再次听到的声音。
Vacuum: A space completely empty of matter. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to vibrate.
真空：完全没有物质的空间。声音不能在真空中传播，因为没有粒子可以振动。
6. Light | 光
Light enables us to see the world. It travels in straight lines and can be reflected, refracted or dispersed. Knowing the right words makes it easier to draw ray diagrams and explain optical phenomena.
光让我们看到世界。它沿直线传播，可以被反射、折射或色散。掌握正确的术语能让你更轻松地绘制光线图并解释光学现象。
Light ray: A narrow beam of light represented by a straight line with an arrow showing direction. Light travels in straight lines.
光线：用带箭头的直线表示的狭窄光束。光沿直线传播。
Reflection: The bouncing back of a light ray when it hits a smooth surface, such as a mirror. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
反射：光线遇到光滑表面（如镜面）后反弹回来的现象。入射角等于反射角。
Refraction: The bending of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another,
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