📚 Year 8 WJEC Economics: Core Knowledge Review | Year 8 WJEC 经济：核心知识点梳理
Economics is the study of how people make choices to satisfy their wants and needs in a world of limited resources. In Year 8, you will explore fundamental concepts such as scarcity, opportunity cost, supply and demand, and how markets work. This article provides a clear review of the core knowledge points for the WJEC Economics course.
经济学研究人们如何在资源有限的世界中做出选择以满足自己的欲望和需求。在八年级，你将探索稀缺性、机会成本、供求关系以及市场如何运作等基本概念。本文为你系统梳理了WJEC经济课程的核心知识点。
1. What is Economics? | 什么是经济学？
Economics is a social science that examines how individuals, businesses, and governments make decisions about using scarce resources. It is divided into microeconomics, which focuses on individual markets and decisions, and macroeconomics, which looks at the economy as a whole.
经济学是一门社会科学，研究个人、企业和政府如何就稀缺资源的使用做出决策。它分为微观经济学（关注单个市场和决策）和宏观经济学（着眼于整体经济）。
2. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
Scarcity exists because wants are unlimited while resources such as time, money, and raw materials are limited. Because of scarcity, people and societies must make choices, which always involve trade-offs.
稀缺性之所以存在，是因为人的欲望是无限的，而时间、金钱和原材料等资源是有限的。由于稀缺性的存在，个人和社会必须做出选择，而这些选择总是伴随着权衡取舍。
3. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that is given up when a choice is made. For example, if you spend £10 on a book instead of a cinema ticket, the opportunity cost is the enjoyment you would have gained from the film.
机会成本是指做出一种选择时所放弃的下一个最佳选项的价值。例如，你花10英镑买了一本书而不是电影票，那么机会成本就是你本可以从电影中获得的乐趣。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The four factors of production are land (natural resources), labour (human effort), capital (man-made tools and machinery), and enterprise (the risk-taking ability to combine the other factors). These inputs are used to produce goods and services.
四大生产要素分别是土地（自然资源）、劳动（人力付出）、资本（人造工具和机械）以及企业（将其他要素组合起来的冒险能力）。这些投入被用来生产商品和服务。
5. Demand | 需求
Demand refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at different prices, over a given time period. According to the law of demand, as price falls, quantity demanded increases, and vice versa. A demand curve slopes downwards.
需求是指消费者在不同价格水平下愿意且能够购买的商品或服务的数量，在一定时间段内。根据需求定律，价格下降，需求量增加，反之亦然。需求曲线向右下方倾斜。
Factors that shift demand include changes in income, tastes, and the prices of related goods (substitutes and complements).
导致需求变动的因素包括收入、偏好以及相关商品（替代品和互补品）价格的变化。
6. Supply | 供给
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. The law of supply states that a higher price leads to a higher quantity supplied. The supply curve slopes upwards.
供给是指生产者在不同价格水平下愿意且能够出售的商品或服务的数量。供给定律指出，价格越高，供给量越大。供给曲线向右上方倾斜。
Supply can be affected by production costs, technology, and government policies.
供给会受到生产成本、技术和政府政策的影响。
7. Market Equilibrium | 市场均衡
Market equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. This intersection determines the equilibrium price and quantity. If the price is set above equilibrium, there is a surplus; if set below, there is a shortage.
市场均衡发生在需求量等于供给量的点。这个交点决定了均衡价格和均衡数量。如果价格设定高于均衡，就会产生过剩；如果低于均衡，就会产生短缺。
8. Price Elasticity (Basic) | 价格弹性（基础）
Price elasticity of demand measures how responsive quantity demanded is to a change in price. Demand is elastic if a small price change causes a large change in quantity, and inelastic if quantity changes only slightly. This concept helps businesses set prices.
需求价格弹性衡量需求量对价格变化的反应程度。如果价格微小的变动导致需求量大幅变化，则需求富有弹性；如果需求量变化很小，则需求缺乏弹性。这一概念有助于企业制定价格。
9. Market Structures | 市场结构
Markets can be classified by the number of firms and the degree of competition. Perfect competition has many small firms with identical products, while monopoly is a single seller with no close substitutes. In reality, most markets are oligopolies or monopolistic competition.
市场可以根据企业数量和竞争程度来分类。完全竞争有许多小企业，产品同质；而垄断则只有一个卖家，没有相近的替代品。现实中，大多数市场是寡头垄断或垄断竞争。
10. The Role of Money | 货币的角色
Money serves as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, a store of value, and a standard of deferred payment. Without money, people would rely on barter, which requires a double coincidence of wants.
货币充当交换媒介、计价单位、价值储藏和延期支付标准。如果没有货币，人们就不得不依靠物物交换，这需要需求的双重巧合。
11. Personal Finance: Budgeting and Saving | 个人理财：预算与储蓄
A budget is a plan for how to spend and save money. It helps individuals track income and expenses. Saving is the portion of income not spent, set aside for future needs or emergencies. Building good saving habits early is important for financial security.
预算是一个关于如何花钱和存钱的计划。它帮助个人记录收入和支出。储蓄是未支出的收入部分，留作未来之需或应急。从小养成储蓄的好习惯对财务安全很重要。
12. Introduction to Labour Markets | 劳动力市场入门
In the labour market, workers supply their skills and time, while employers demand labour. The wage rate is the price of labour and is influenced by factors such as qualifications, experience, and the demand for certain jobs.
在劳动力市场中，工人提供自己的技能和时间，而雇主则需要劳动力。工资率是劳动力的价格，受到资格、经验和特定工作需求等因素的影响。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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