📚 Year 8 WJEC Chemistry: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 8 WJEC 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of chemistry is half the battle. In Year 8 WJEC Chemistry, you will meet dozens of new terms that describe the invisible world of atoms, reactions and materials. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary into themed sections, each with clear definitions and powerful memory tricks so you can recall them quickly in class, homework and tests. Use it as your go-to revision companion, and soon these words will stick like magnets.
掌握化学的语言就是成功的一半。Year 8 WJEC 化学课程中，你会遇到大量新术语，它们描述着看不见的原子世界、化学反应和各种材料。这份指南将核心词汇按主题分组，每个术语都配有清晰的定义和强大的记忆技巧，让你在课堂、作业和考试中快速回忆。把它当作你的复习伙伴，这些词语很快便会像磁铁一样牢牢吸在你的脑海里。
1. Building Blocks of Matter | 物质的基本组成单元
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist and still show the chemical properties of that element. Memorise it as 'a-tom', like 'a tiny one' – the word comes from the Greek 'atomos', meaning indivisible.
原子：元素的最小粒子，能独立存在并仍表现该元素的化学性质。记住“原子”就像“一个极小的单位”——它来自希腊语“不可分割”。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom. All atoms of an element have the same number of protons. Carbon, gold and oxygen are examples. Think of elements as the simplest ingredients in the chemical kitchen.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯净物。同种元素的所有原子质子数相同。碳、金和氧都是元素。把元素想象成化学厨房里最简单的配料。
Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically bonded together. The atoms can be of the same element (like O₂) or different elements (like H₂O). A handy rhyme: 'A molecule is made when atoms parade and make a bond brigade.'
分子：两个或更多原子通过化学键结合在一起的微粒。这些原子可以是同种元素的（如 O₂），也可以是不同元素的（如 H₂O）。顺口溜：“原子拉手成键，分子立刻出现。”
ixed ratio. For example, carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a compound, not a mixture. Memory phrase: 'Compound = Combined Elements – a fixed recipe.'
化合物：由两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合而成的物质。例如二氧化碳 (CO₂) 是化合物，不是混合物。记忆口诀：“化合物是不同元素的固定搭配。”
Air is a mixture of gases; salt water is a mixture. The composition can vary. Easy recall: 'Mixture = mingled, not married.'
混合物：两种或多种物质（元素或化合物）物理混合在一起，但没有发生化学结合。空气是气体的混合物；盐水是混合物。它们的比例可以变化。记忆：“混合物只是混在一起，不是结合。”
2. States of Matter and Their Changes | 物质的状态及其变化
Solid: A state of matter with a fixed shape and volume because its particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern, vibrating in place. Visualise soldiers standing in neat rows.
固体：具有固定形状和体积的物质状态，因为其微粒紧密排列成规则结构，只在原地振动。想象成列队整齐的士兵。
Liquid: A state with a fixed volume but no fixed shape – it takes the shape of its container. Particles are close but can slide past one another. Think of a dance floor where partners keep changing places.
液体：体积固定但形状不固定——它随容器形状而变。微粒紧密但可以彼此滑动。想象一个不断交换舞伴的舞池。
Gas: A state with no fixed shape or volume; particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. Gases will spread out to fill any space. Picture a room full of bouncing bumblebees.
气体：没有固定形状和体积；微粒相距很远，朝各个方向快速运动。气体会扩散并充满所在空间。想象一屋子乱飞的大黄蜂。
at the melting point. Energy goes into breaking some of the attractions between particles. 'Melt = make it liquid by heating.'
熔化：固态变为液态的过程，发生在熔点时。能量被用来克服微粒之间的一部分吸引力。“熔化”就是加热使其变液体。
Freezing: The reverse of melting – rticles settle into a fixed arrangement as energy is removed. Freeze = fluid becomes firm.
凝固：熔化的逆过程——液体在凝固点变为固体。能量移走后，微粒进入固定排列。凝固就是流体变成坚实的固体。
Evaporation: The change from liquid to gas at the surface, happening over a range of temperatures below boiling. Faster particles escape first. A puddle drying on a sunny day is evaporation in action.
蒸发：液体表面变为气体的过程，可以在沸点以下的温度范围内发生。运动较快的微粒先逸出。阳光下积水变干正是蒸发现象。
urface and loses energy. Water droplets on a cold window come from condensation. Remember: 'Condense = cold surface makes dense liquid.'
冷凝：气体遇到冷表面并失去能量变为液体。冷窗上的水珠就是冷凝产生的。记住：“冷凝就是冷表面让气体变密致液体。”
through the liquid state, or vice versa. Dry ice (solid CO₂) sublimes. Unusual, but think 'Sublime = skip liquid.'
升华：固体不经过液态直接变为气体的过程，反之亦然。干冰（固态 CO₂）升华。虽然少见，记住“升华跳跃液体阶段”。
3. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
Physical change: A change where no new substances are made. The material might change shape, size or state, but its chemical identity stays the same. Melting ice, cutting paper and dissolving sugar are all physical changes.
物理变化：没有新物质生成的变化。物质的形状、大小或状态可能改变，但其化学本质不变。冰融化、剪纸、糖溶解都是物理变化。
Chemical change: A change that produces one or more new substances with different properties from the original. Signs include colour change, fizzing, heat change or a precipitate forming. Baking a cake and rusting iron are chemical changes.
化学变化：生成一种或多种与原来性质不同的新物质的变化。迹象包括颜色变化、冒泡、温度变化或生成沉淀。烤蛋糕和铁生锈都是化学变化。
Reversible change: A change that can be undone by reversing the conditions. Most physical changes are reversible – you can refreeze melted water. Some chemical changes are also reversible under special conditions.
可逆变化：能通过逆转条件而复原的变化。大多数物理变化是可逆的——熔化的水可以重新结冰。有些化学变化在特殊条件下也可逆。
Irreversible change: A change that cannot easily be undone; you cannot get the original substances back using simple physical methods. Burning a piece of paper is irreversible – you cannot un-burn ash.
不可逆变化：难以复原的变化；用简单的物理方法无法得到原来的物质。烧纸就是不可逆的——你无法把灰烬变回纸张。
4. Chemical Reactions: Core Terminology | 化学反应核心术语
Reactant: A substance present at the start of a chemical reaction, which is used up as products form. In the reaction between magnesium and oxygen, magnesium and oxygen are the reactants. Think 're-act-ants' – the actors that react.
反应物：化学反应开始时就存在，并随着产物生成而被消耗的物质。镁与氧气的反应中，镁和氧气是反应物。想象它们是“参与反应的演员”。
Product: A substance formed during a chemical reaction. The products have different properties from the reactants. Magnesium oxide is the white powdery product of the above reaction. 'Products' are what the reaction produces.
产物：化学反应过程中生成的物质。产物的性质与反应物不同。上述反应中生成的白色粉末氧化镁就是产物。“产物”就是反应生产的东西。
ple: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide. It is the simplest way to summarise a reaction.
文字方程式：用反应物和产物的名称代替化学符号的化学方程式。例如：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。这是概括反应的最简单方式。
vation of mass. Example: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO. Treat it like a coded recipe that chemists read.
符号方程式：使用化学符号和化学式的方程式，通常需要配平以体现质量守恒。例：2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO。它就像化学家阅读的密码配方。
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO
e products. Atoms are rearranged, never created or destroyed. A big idea summed up simply: 'Mass in = Mass out, no atom is ever left out.'
质量守恒：反应物的总质量等于产物的总质量。原子只是重新排列，既不会凭空产生也不会凭空消失。一句总结：“质量不会凭空消失，原子从不缺席。”
5. Acids, Alkalis and the pH Scale | 酸、碱与 pH 值
tmus paper red. Common lab acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Memory hook: 'Acid = A sour liquid with H⁺ inside.'
酸：pH 小于 7 的物质，在水中释放氢离子 (H⁺)。酸有酸味，使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。实验室常见酸包括盐酸和硫酸。记忆：“酸就是含 H⁺ 的酸味液体。”
eel slippery and turn red litmus paper blue. Sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali. 'Alkali = A liquid with OH⁻ that will make litmus blue.'
碱：可溶性的碱在水中释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)，pH 大于 7。碱有滑腻感，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。氢氧化钠溶液是一种强碱。“碱就是含 OH⁻ 能使试纸变蓝的液体。”
Base: Any substance that neutralises an acid to form a salt and water. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases dissolve in water. Copper oxide is an insoluble base. Think 'Base is the opposite of acid, they cancel each other out.'
碱（广义）：任何能中和酸生成盐和水的物质。所有的可溶性碱（如 NaOH 溶液）都是广义上的碱，但并非所有广义碱都溶于水。氧化铜就是一种不溶性碱（也可以是碱性氧化物）。记住“酸与碱互相抵消”。
eutral (pure water). Below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline. Each unit change equals a ten‑fold change in H⁺ concentration. 'pH = power of Hydrogen.'
pH 值：从 0 到 14 的标度，衡量溶液的酸性或碱性程度。pH 7 为中性（纯水）。低于 7 酸性，高于 7 碱性。每变化 1 个单位，H⁺ 浓度改变 10 倍。“pH 表示氢离子的强度。”
. The pH moves toward 7. The general word equation: acid + base → salt + water. It is like 'neutralising' an enemy – they cancel out.
中和反应：酸和碱（或可溶碱）反应生成盐和水的过程，pH 趋向 7。通用文字方程式：酸 + 碱 → 盐 + 水。如同“中和对手”——让双方抵消。
Indicator: A substance that changes colour depending on pH. Litmus is red in acid and blue in alkali. Universal indicator shows a rainbow of colours across the pH scale, from red for strong acid to violet for strong alkali.
指示剂：可根据 pH 改变颜色的物质。石蕊在酸性时呈红色，碱性时呈蓝色。通用指示剂在 pH 范围内显示彩虹色，从强酸的红到强碱的紫。
6. Navigating the Periodic Table | 探索元素周期表
e. Elements in the same period show a gradual change in properties across the row. Recall: 'Period = horizontal row, like a sentence period ending a line.'
周期：元素周期表中的横行。周期编号告诉你该元素原子拥有几个电子层。同一周期的元素性质从左到右逐渐变化。记忆：“周期就是水平的一行。”
Group: A vertical column. Elements in the same group have the same number of outer‑ ves them very similar chemical properties. Group 1 elements are all reactive metals. Think 'Group = column of elements with the same electron configuration in the outer shell.'
族：元素周期表中的竖列。同族元素最外层电子数相同，因此具有非常相似的化学性质。第 1 族的元素都是很活泼的金属。记住“同一族竖列，最外层电子相同。”
Metal: Typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile. Most elements on the left of the periodic table are metals. Iron, copper and aluminium are everyday examples. 'Metals are on the left, they easily lose electrons.'
金属：通常有光泽、是热和电的良导体、可锻造和拉丝。周期表左侧大多数元素是金属。铁、铜和铝是生活中常见的例子。“金属在左边，容易失去电子。”
Non‑metal: Elements that are usually dull, poor conductors and brittle when solid. Oxygen, sulfur and chlorine are non‑metals. They are found on the right side of the periodic table. 'Non‑metals gain or share electrons and sit on the right.'
非金属：通常暗淡无光、导热导电性差、固态时脆而易碎的元素。氧、硫和氯是非金属。它们位于周期表的右侧。“非金属获得或共用电子，位于右边。”
Noble gases: Group 0 (or 18) elements that are very unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons. Helium, neon and argon are noble gases. Their stable electron arrangement means they rarely form compounds. 'Noble gases are “too noble” to react.'
稀有气体（惰性气体）：第 0 族（或 18 族）元素，化学性质十分不活泼，因为其最外层电子已满。氦、氖和氩是稀有气体。稳定的电子排布使它们极少形成化合物。“稀有气体‘太高贵’，不愿反应。”
Halogens: Group 7 elements that are reactive non‑ orm salts with metals. Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are halogens. The word means 'salt‑former'. Remember: 'Halogens = salt makers.'
卤素：第 7 族元素，是活泼的非金属，与金属形成盐。氟、氯、溴和碘是卤素。该词意思是“成盐者”。记住：“卤素就是造盐者。”
ly with water to form alkaline solutions. Lithium, sodium and potassium are alkali metals. 'Alkali metals = they make the water alkaline.'
碱金属：第 1 族元素，是非常活泼的软金属，与水剧烈反应生成碱性溶液。锂、钠和钾是碱金属。“碱金属让水变碱性。”
7. Separation Techniques | 分离技术
Filtration: A method used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid by pouring the mixture through filter paper in a funnel. The solid stays on the paper (the residue) while the liquid passes through (the filtrate). Think 'Filter catches the pieces; liquid flicks through.'
过滤：一种将不溶性固体从液体中分离的方法，将混合物通过漏斗中的滤纸倾倒。固体留在滤纸上（称为残渣），液体穿过滤纸（称为滤液）。想象“滤纸抓住固体，液体溜走。”
Residue: The solid that remains on the filter paper after filtration. If you filter sandy water, the sand is the residue.
残渣：过滤后留在滤纸上的固体。若过滤含沙的水，沙子就是残渣。
Filtrate: The clear liquid that has passed through the filter paper and is collected in the beaker or flask below. The filtrate is the part you keep if you want the dissolved substances.
滤液：穿过滤纸被收集在下方烧杯或烧瓶中的清澈液体。如果你想要溶解的物质，滤液就是你要保留的部分。
Evaporation (for separation): A technique to obtain a dissolved solid from a solution by heating so the solvent evaporates, leaving the solid behind. Salt from seawater is harvested by evaporation. But be careful: some solids might decompose if overheated.
蒸发（分离用）：一种通过加热使溶剂蒸发、留下所需固体的方法，从溶液中获取溶解的固体。从海水中提取盐就利用蒸发。但注意：部分固体过热可能分解。
Crystallisation: A gentler method than evaporation. The solution is warmed to concentrate it, then allowed to cool so crystals form. The crystals can then be filtered and dried. Crystallisation produces purer, well‑shaped crystals.
结晶：比蒸发更温和的方法。将溶液温热浓缩，再冷却让晶体析出。晶体随后可过滤并干燥。结晶能得到更纯、形状规则的产品。
om a solution; fractional distillation separates two or more liquids with different boiling points. The collected pure liquid is the distillate. Memory aid: 'Distillation = boil, then cool to capture the pure liquid.'
蒸馏：将液体煮沸形成蒸气，再使蒸气冷凝回液体的过程。简单蒸馏用于从溶液中分离溶剂；分馏用于分离两种或更多沸点不同的液体。收集到的纯液体称为馏出液。记忆提示：“蒸馏就是煮沸再冷却，获取纯液体。”
Distillate: The pure liquid collected after condensation in a distillation process. Whisky production and laboratory water purification both rely on collecting the distillate.
馏出液：蒸馏过程中经冷凝后收集的纯液体。威士忌生产和实验室净水都依赖收集馏出液。
phy paper and a solvent moves up, carrying substances at different speeds. The pattern of spots is a chromatogram. Recall: 'Chroma = colour, graphy = writing; it writes a colour map.'
色谱法：一种用于分离微量溶解态物质（如墨水或食用色素）的技术。将样品点在色谱纸上，溶剂上升时以不同速率带动各物质，形成斑点图案，即色谱图。记忆：“Chroma 色彩 + graphy 记录，绘出色彩地图。”
8. Solutions and Solubility | 溶液与溶解度
s that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution. In salt water, salt is the solute. Think 'Solute = the stuff you dissolve.'
溶质：溶解在溶剂中形成溶液的固体、液体或气体。在盐水中，盐是溶质。记住“溶质就是被溶解的物质”。
Solvent: The liquid (or sometimes gas) that does the dissolving. Water is called the 'universal solvent' because it dissolves so many substances. Ethanol and acetone are other common solvents. 'Solvent = the substance that solves and pulls others apart.'
溶剂：起溶解作用的液体（有时也是气体）。水被称为“万能溶剂”，因为它能溶解许多物质。乙醇和丙酮也是常见溶剂。“溶剂就是解决并拉开其他粒子的物质”。
rent and do not separate on standing. Salt water and copper sulfate solution are examples. 'Solution = completely dissolved – all clear.'
溶液：溶质溶解在溶剂中形成的均一混合物。溶液透明且静置后不分层。盐水和硫酸铜溶液都是溶液。“溶液完全溶解，清澈透亮”。
at can dissolve at that temperature. Any extra solute will sink to the bottom undissolved. 'Saturated = full up, no more can dissolve.'
饱和溶液：在特定温度下已经溶解了最大量溶质的溶液。多出的溶质会沉在底部不再溶解。“饱和就是吃饱了，不能再溶了”。
more solute can still be dissolved at that temperature. It has not yet reached its limit. 'Unsaturated = still hungry, can take more solute.'
不饱和溶液：在规定温度下还能继续溶解更多溶质的溶液，尚未达到溶解极限。“不饱和就是仍然饥饿，可以继续溶”。
Soluble: Describes a substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent. Salt is soluble in water; sand is not. Soluble comes from the Latin root 'solvere', meaning to loosen. 'If it's soluble, it disappears into the liquid.'
可溶的：描述一种物质能溶解在特定溶剂中。盐在水中可溶，沙子不可溶。“可溶的就是能消失在液体中的”。
ubstance that does not dissolve in a given solvent. Sand and chalk are insoluble in water. 'Insoluble = stays intact, no matter how much you stir.'
不溶的：描述在某种溶剂中不溶解的物质。沙子和粉笔灰在水中不溶。“不溶的就是你再怎么搅拌也还留着”。
9. Chemical Formulae and Simple Ions | 化学式与简单离子
Chemical formula: A combination of symbols and numbers that shows the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule or compound. H₂O tells you there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The small subscript number shows how many of each atom. Learn to read formulas as 'atom recipes'.
化学式：用元素符号和数字表示分子或化合物中各原子种类和数目的组合。H₂O 表示有两个氢原子和一个氧原子。下角数字说明每种原子的个数。把化学式当成“原子配方”来阅读。
Ion: A charged particle formed when an atom or group of atoms gains or loses electrons. Metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions (cations); non‑metals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). 'I stand for an atom with a plus or minus.'
离子：原子或原子团得到或失去电子后形成的带电粒子。金属倾向失去电子形成正离子（阳离子）；非金属倾向得到电子形成负离子（阴离子）。“离子就是带有正负电荷的原（离）子”。
Cation: A positively charged ion. Most metal ions are cations, e
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