📚 Year 8 WJEC Media: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | Year 8 WJEC 媒体：词汇术语速记指南
Learning the language of media is like unlocking a secret code. Once you master these terms, you can analyse films, TV shows, adverts and online content with real confidence. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary you need for Year 8 WJEC Media Studies in clear, bite-sized pairs.
学习媒体的语言就像解开一组密码。一旦掌握这些术语，你就能自信满满地分析电影、电视节目、广告和网络内容。这份指南以清晰、简明的英中对照形式，为你拆解 Year 8 WJEC 媒体课程必备的核心词汇。
1. Camera Shots & Framing | 镜头与取景
An Extreme Long Shot (ELS) captures a very wide view, often used to establish a location or emphasise scale.
极远景（ELS）呈现极广阔的视野，通常用于交代环境或突显规模。
A Long Shot (LS) shows the full body of a character, from head to toe, placing them within their surroundings.
远景（LS）展示人物的全身，从头部到脚部，让人物置身于环境之中。
Mid Shot (MS) frames the subject from the waist up, balancing character expression with some background detail.
中景（MS）取人物腰部以上，兼顾人物表情与部分背景细节。
A Close-Up (CU) tightly frames a face or object, directing our attention to emotions or important details.
特写（CU）紧密聚焦于面部或物体，将注意力引向情绪或关键细节。
Extreme Close-Up (ECU) zooms in on a single feature, such as an eye or a ring on a finger, creating intensity.
大特写（ECU）放大单一特征，如一只眼睛或手指上的戒指，营造紧张感。
2. Camera Angles | 拍摄角度
An Eye-Level Angle positions the camera at the subject's height, creating a neutral, natural viewpoint.
平视角度将摄影机置于被摄对象同等高度，营造中立、自然的视角。
A Low Angle shoots upward, making a character look powerful, dominant or threatening.
仰拍从下往上拍摄，使人物显得强大、占据主导或具有威胁性。
A High Angle looks down on the subject, reducing their status and making them seem vulnerable or small.
俯拍从上往下俯视，削弱被摄对象的地位，使其显得脆弱或渺小。
A Dutch Angle / Canted Angle tilts the camera, suggesting unease, confusion or psychological tension.
斜角（荷兰角）将摄影机倾斜，暗示不安、混乱或心理张力。
An Over-the-Shoulder Shot (OTS) frames from behind a character, linking two people in conversation and putting us into the scene.
过肩镜头（OTS）从角色身后取景，连接对话中的两人，让观众身临其境。
3. Camera Movement | 镜头运动
A Pan is a horizontal pivot of the camera from a fixed position, used to follow action or survey a scene.
摇镜头指摄影机从固定位置水平转动，用于追随动作或环视场景。
A Tilt moves the camera vertically up or down, revealing height or scale, such as looking up a tall building.
俯仰拍摄是摄影机上下垂直运动，揭示高度或规模，比如抬头仰望一栋高楼。
A Tracking Shot follows a moving subject by moving the camera itself, often on rails, keeping pace alongside.
推轨镜头通过移动摄影机本身跟随运动主体，常运用滑轨，与主体保持同步。
A Zoom changes the focal length to bring the subject closer or push it away without moving the camera; a slow zoom can build suspense.
变焦通过改变焦距拉近或推远被摄对象，摄影机本身不移动；缓慢变焦能营造悬念。
4. Mise-en-Scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène refers to everything placed in front of the camera: setting, props, lighting, costume, makeup and actor performance.
场面调度指镜头前一切元素的安排：场景、道具、灯光、服装、化妆和演员表演。
High-Key Lighting uses bright, even illumination with few shadows, common in comedies and upbeat adverts.
高调布光使用明亮、均匀的光线，阴影极少，常见于喜剧和欢乐的广告。
Low-Key Lighting creates strong contrasts and deep shadows, generating mystery or fear in thrillers and horror.
低调布光制造强烈对比和深重阴影，在惊悚片和恐怖片中营造神秘或恐惧气氛。
Colour Palette is the chosen range of colours in costume and set design; warm tones suggest comfort, while cold blues can feel detached.
色彩基调是服装和场景设计中选用的色彩范围；暖色调暗示舒适，冷蓝色则可能显得疏离。
Props are any objects used by characters or placed in the setting, from weapons to a simple cup, each carrying potential meaning.
道具指角色使用或场景中放置的任何物品，从武器到一个普通的杯子，都可能传达意义。
5. Sound Terminology | 声音术语
Diegetic Sound comes from within the story world, such as dialogue, footsteps or a radio playing music the characters can hear.
故事内声音来自叙事空间内部，如对话、脚步声或角色能听到的收音机音乐。
Non-Diegetic Sound is added for the audience only, including film scores, voice-over narration and added sound effects.
故事外声音仅为观众添加，包括电影配乐、画外音旁白和附加音效。
Sound Effects (SFX) are recorded or synthesised sounds that enhance action, like explosions, swooshes or weather sounds.
音效（SFX）是为强化动作而录制或合成的声音，如爆炸声、呼呼声或风雨声。
A Sound Bridge carries sound from one scene into the next, creating a smooth link and emotional continuity.
声音桥梁将一个场景的声音延续到下一场景，制造平滑转接和情绪连贯。
Incidental Music is short musical cues that punctuate dramatic moments or signal a change in mood.
情境音乐是点缀戏剧性时刻或示意情绪变化的简短音乐提示。
6. Editing Techniques | 剪辑技巧
A Cut is the most basic edit: one shot instantly becomes another; it keeps the pace flowing without special effects.
切是最基本的剪辑：一个镜头直接切换到下一个，保持节奏流畅，无特殊效果。
A Fade goes to or from a black (or white) screen, often signalling the end of a sequence or a passage of time.
淡入淡出使画面渐变为黑屏（或白屏）或从黑屏中显现，常表示段落结束或时间流逝。
A Dissolve overlaps two shots briefly, blending one into the other to show connection or a smooth transition.
叠化短暂重叠两个镜头，将一个画面融入另一个，表现关联或柔和的过渡。
Cross-Cutting / Parallel Editing alternates between two or more scenes happening simultaneously, building tension or linking events.
交叉剪辑 / 平行剪辑在同一时间发生的两个或多个场景之间来回切换，制造紧张或关联事件。
Montage is a series of short shots edited together to condense time, information or emotion, often set to music.
蒙太奇是将一系列短镜头组接在一起，用以浓缩时间、信息或情感，常配以音乐。
7. Narrative Structure | 叙事结构
Narrative is simply the structured story, the way events are arranged and told to the audience.
叙事就是有组织的故事，即事件被编排并呈现给观众的方式。
A Linear Narrative develops in chronological order from beginning to middle to end without flashbacks or time jumps.
线性叙事按时间顺序从开头到中段再到结尾发展，不使用闪回或时间跳跃。
A Non-Linear Narrative rearranges time, using flashbacks, flash-forwards or parallel timelines to reveal information creatively.
非线性叙事重新安排时间，运用闪回、闪前或平行时间线创造性地揭示信息。
An Open Ending leaves the story unresolved, allowing the audience to imagine what happens next.
开放式结局留下未解决的悬念，让观众想象接下来会发生什么。
A Closed Ending ties up all loose threads and gives a sense of resolution, typical of classic fairy tales.
闭合式结局收结所有线索，给予完结感，常见于经典童话故事。
8. Genre & Conventions | 类型与惯例
Genre is a category of media text defined by shared features, helping audiences know what to expect.
类型是由共同特征定义的媒体文本类别，帮助观众知道该期待什么。
Conventions are the established techniques and elements expected within a genre, like a spaceship in sci-fi or a test pattern in a documentary.
惯例是类型中既定的技巧和元素，如科幻片中的太空飞船或纪录片中的测试图样。
A Hybrid Genre mixes two or more genre conventions, such as a romantic comedy combining love and humour.
混合类型融合两种或更多类型惯例，如爱情喜剧将爱情与幽默相结合。
Iconography refers to the visual symbols and recurring motifs associated with a genre, like guns in a western or neon lights in cyberpunk.
图像学指与某一类型相关的视觉符号和反复出现的母题，如西部片中的枪支或赛博朋克中的霓虹灯。
Subverting a convention means deliberately breaking the expected pattern to surprise the audience or challenge the genre.
颠覆惯例意味着故意打破预期模式，以出乎观众意料或挑战该类型。
9. Audience & Representation | 受众与表征
The Target Audience is the specific group of people a media text is aimed at, defined by age, gender, interests or lifestyle.
目标受众是媒体文本所针对的特定人群，由年龄、性别、兴趣或生活方式界定。
Uses and Gratifications Theory suggests audiences actively choose media to fulfil needs: entertainment, information, personal identity or social interaction.
使用与满足理论认为受众主动选择媒体以满足需求：娱乐、信息、个人身份认同或社会互动。
Representation is how media portrays people, places and ideas, which shapes audience perceptions of reality.
表征是媒体刻画人物、地点和观念的方式，影响观众对现实的认知。
Stereotypes are simplified, often exaggerated representations of a group, used as a media shorthand but risking unfair bias.
刻板印象是对某一群体简化、常被夸大的表征，作为媒体捷径使用，但可能产生不公平的偏见。
Countertypes present a group in a way that directly challenges or overturns a common stereotype, offering a fresh perspective.
反刻板印象以直接挑战或颠覆常见刻板印象的方式表现某一群体，提供新颖视角。
10. Media Language & Codes | 媒体语言与符码
Media Language refers to the technical and symbolic tools (codes) used to create meaning, just like words in a spoken language.
媒体语言指用于构建意义的技术性和符号性工具（符码），就如同口语中的词汇。
Technical Codes are the hardware and craft choices, such as camera angles, lighting, editing and sound levels.
技术符码是硬件和工艺选择，如拍摄角度、布光、剪辑和音量水平。
Symbolic Codes are the deeper meanings created by colour, body language, setting and costume that we interpret culturally.
象征符码是由色彩、肢体语言、场景和服装产生的深层含义，我们依据文化来解读。
A Sign is anything that can stand for something else: a red rose can signify love, and a skull can signify danger.
符号是可以代表其他事物的一切东西：红玫瑰可以象征爱情，骷髅可以象征危险。
Denotation is the literal, surface meaning of a sign (what you actually see), while connotation is the associated, cultural idea it triggers.
外延是符号字面的、表面的含义（你实际看到的内容），而内涵是其引发的关联性文化概念。
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