📚 Year 8 WJEC Physics: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | 八年级WJEC物理：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to this quick revision guide for Year 8 WJEC Physics. Building a strong scientific vocabulary is the foundation for understanding concepts, solving problems, and communicating ideas effectively in exams. This guide groups essential physics terms by topic, providing clear English definitions followed by matching Chinese explanations. Use it regularly to test your memory, improve your bilingual skills, and feel confident tackling WJEC assessments.
欢迎使用这本八年级WJEC物理速记指南。建立扎实的科学词汇是理解概念、解决问题和在考试中有效表达想法的基础。本指南按主题整理了关键物理术语，先给出清晰的英文定义，再配以准确的中文解释。请定期使用它来检验记忆、提升双语能力，并充满信心地应对WJEC的测评。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A force is a push or a pull that acts on an object due to its interaction with another object. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction, and is measured in newtons (N). Forces can cause objects to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, or deform.
力：力是由于物体间的相互作用而产生的推或拉。它是一个矢量，既有大小也有方向，单位是牛顿（N）。力可以使物体加速、减速、改变方向或发生形变。
Friction: Friction is a contact force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of motion between two surfaces in contact. It arises from the roughness of surfaces and can be useful, like helping us walk without slipping, or a nuisance, like causing wear in machinery.
摩擦力：摩擦力是一种接触力，它阻碍两个接触表面之间的相对运动或运动趋势。它源于表面的粗糙，既可以是有益的（如帮助我们行走而不打滑），也可能是麻烦的（如导致机器磨损）。
Mass: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is a scalar quantity that does not change with location and is measured in kilograms (kg). Mass is often confused with weight, but it is an intrinsic property of the object.
质量：质量是物体所含物质的量度。它是一个标量，不随位置改变，单位是千克（kg）。人们常把质量和重量混淆，但质量是物体固有的属性。
Weight: Weight is the gravitational force exerted on an object by a planet or moon. It is a vector, measured in newtons (N), and depends on both mass and the gravitational field strength. Weight can be calculated using W = m × g, where g is the gravitational field strength (about 9.8 N/kg on Earth).
重量：重量是行星或月球对物体施加的引力。它是一个矢量，单位是牛顿（N），取决于质量和引力场强度。重量可用公式 W = m × g 计算，其中g是引力场强度（地球上约为9.8 N/kg）。
Speed: Speed is a measure of how quickly an object is moving, defined as the distance travelled per unit time. It is a scalar quantity and is often expressed in metres per second (m/s). The equation is speed = distance / time.
速率：速率衡量物体运动的快慢，定义为单位时间内通过的距离。它是标量，常以米每秒（m/s）表示。计算公式为 速率 = 距离 / 时间。
Velocity: Velocity is the speed of an object in a given direction. Because it includes direction, velocity is a vector quantity. An object moving at a constant speed but changing direction is undergoing a change in velocity, which implies acceleration.
速度（矢量速度）：速度是物体在某一特定方向上的速率。由于包含方向，速度是一个矢量。一个物体即使速率不变，只要方向改变，其速度就在变化，这就意味着加速。
2. Energy and Energy Stores | 能量与能量储存
Energy: Energy is the capacity to do work or cause change. It is measured in joules (J) and can be stored in many forms, such as kinetic, thermal, chemical, and gravitational potential. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted between stores.
能量：能量是做功或引起变化的能力，单位是焦耳（J）。能量可以多种形式储存，如动能、热能、化学能和重力势能。能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能在不同的储存形式之间转移或转化。
Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. Any moving object has kinetic energy, and the faster or more massive the object, the greater its kinetic energy.
动能：动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。任何运动的物体都有动能，物体的速率越高或质量越大，其动能就越大。
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE): GPE is the energy stored in an object because of its position in a gravitational field, usually related to its height above the ground. The energy is released when the object falls. It increases with mass, height, and the strength of gravity.
重力势能：重力势能是物体因其在引力场中的位置（通常与离地高度有关）而储存的能量。当物体下落时，这部分能量被释放。重力势能随质量、高度和引力强度的增加而增加。
Elastic Potential Energy: This is the energy stored in a stretched or compressed elastic object, such as a spring or rubber band. When the deforming force is removed, the stored energy can be transferred, often to kinetic energy, as the object returns to its original shape.
弹性势能：这是储存在被拉伸或压缩的弹性物体（如弹簧或橡皮筋）中的能量。当形变的力撤去后，储存的能量会被转移（通常转化为动能），物体恢复原状。
Thermal Energy: Thermal energy (or internal energy) is the total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a substance. The hotter an object is, the faster its particles move, and the greater its thermal energy store.
热能（内能）：热能是物质内部所有粒子的动能和势能之和。物体的温度越高，其粒子运动得越快，热能储存就越大。
Conservation of Energy: The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred from one store to another or dissipated to the surroundings. The total energy of a closed system always remains constant.
能量守恒：能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭；它只能从一个储存转移到另一个储存或耗散到周围环境。一个孤立系统的总能量始终不变。
3. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Electric Current: Electric current is the flow of electric charge (usually electrons) around a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter connected in series. Current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of a cell in conventional terms.
电流：电流是电荷（通常是电子）在电路中的流动。电流的单位是安培（A），需用串联的电流表测量。按照惯例，电流从电池的正极流向负极。
Voltage: Voltage (potential difference) is the energy transferred per unit charge between two points in a circuit. It is the 'push' that drives current and is measured in volts (V) with a voltmeter connected in parallel.
电压：电压（电位差）是电路中两点之间单位电荷所转移的能量。它是驱动电流的“推力”，单位是伏特（V），需用并联的电压表测量。
Resistance: Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a component. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Components with high resistance reduce the current. Ohm's law states V = I × R, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.
电阻：电阻衡量电流通过某个元件时的难易程度，单位是欧姆（Ω）。电阻大的元件会减小电流。欧姆定律表示为 V = I × R，其中V是电压，I是电流，R是电阻。
Series Circuit: In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end in a single loop. The current is the same everywhere, but the voltage is shared across the components. If one component breaks, the circuit is open and current stops flowing everywhere.
串联电路：在串联电路中，各元件首尾相连，形成单一回路。电路中各处的电流相同，但电压会在各元件间分配。如果其中一个元件断开，电路变为开路，所有地方的电流都会停止。
Parallel Circuit: A parallel circuit has two or more branches for current to flow through. The voltage across each branch is the same as the source voltage, while the total current is the sum of the currents in each branch. If one branch breaks, the others continue to work.
并联电路：并联电路有两条或更多支路让电流流过。每条支路两端的电压相同，等于电源电压，而总电流是各支路电流之和。如果一条支路断开，其他支路仍能继续工作。
Conductor: A conductor is a material that allows electric charge to flow through it easily, due to free electrons. Metals like copper and aluminium are excellent conductors and are used in wires and circuits.
导体：导体是一种允许电荷轻易通过的材料，这是因为其内部存在自由电子。铜和铝等金属是极佳的导体，被用于电线与电路。
Insulator: An insulator is a material that does not allow electric charge to flow through it easily because its electrons are tightly bound. Plastic, rubber, and glass are common insulators used to coat wires and ensure safety.
绝缘体：绝缘体是一种不容易让电荷通过的材料，因为其电子被紧紧束缚。塑料、橡胶和玻璃是常见的绝缘体，用于包裹电线以确保安全。
4. Magnetism | 磁学
Magnet: A magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field and attracts certain materials, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. Every magnet has two poles: a north-seeking pole (north) and a south-seeking pole (south).
磁铁：磁铁是一种能产生磁场并吸引铁、镍、钴等材料的物体。每块磁铁都有两个极：指北极和指南极。
Magnetic Pole: The magnetic poles are the regions at the ends of a magnet where the magnetic force is strongest. Like poles repel each other (north-north or south-south), while unlike poles attract each other (north-south).
磁极：磁极是磁铁两端磁性最强的区域。同名磁极相互排斥（北极对北极或南极对南极），异名磁极相互吸引（北极对南极）。
Magnetic Field: A magnetic field is the region around a magnet in which another magnet or a magnetic material experiences a force. The field is represented by field lines that point from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet. The closer the lines, the stronger the field.
磁场：磁场是磁铁周围其他磁铁或磁性材料会受到力的作用的区域。磁场用磁感线表示，在磁铁外部，磁感线从北极指向南极。磁感线越密，磁场越强。
Electromagnet: An electromagnet is a temporary magnet created by passing an electric current through a coil of wire (solenoid), often wrapped around an iron core. Its strength can be increased by increasing the current, adding more turns of wire, or using a soft iron core. Electromagnets can be switched on and off.
电磁铁：电磁铁是一种通过使电流流过线圈（螺线管）并常绕在铁芯上而产生的临时磁铁。增大电流、增加线圈匝数或使用软铁芯都能增强其磁性。电磁铁可以随时通断。
Permanent Magnet: A permanent magnet retains its magnetism without the need for an electric current. It is made from magnetically hard materials like steel. Bar magnets and horseshoe magnets are common types, producing a steady magnetic field.
永磁体：永磁体无需电流就能保持磁性，由钢等硬磁材料制成。条形磁铁和蹄形磁铁是常见的类型，能产生稳定的磁场。
5. Light and Optics | 光与光学
Light Ray: A light ray is an imaginary line used to represent the path along which light travels. Rays are drawn as straight lines with arrows showing the direction of travel. They help model reflection and refraction.
光线：光线是用来表示光传播路径的假想线。光线被画成带有箭头的直线，箭头指向传播方向。它们有助于模拟反射和折射现象。
Reflection: Reflection is the bouncing back of light when it strikes a smooth surface, such as a mirror. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, both measured from the normal line.
反射：反射是光照射到光滑表面（如镜面）时发生的反弹。反射定律指出，入射角等于反射角，这两个角均从法线量起。
Law of Reflection: This law states that the angle of incidence (i) is equal to the angle of reflection (r): i = r. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal all lie in the same plane.
反射定律：该定律
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