📚 Year 8 WJEC PE: Key Terms Memory Hack | Year 8 WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of Physical Education is like learning the rules of a new game - once you know the key terms, everything starts to make sense. In the WJEC Year 8 course, you will come across words that describe how your body moves, how it responds to exercise, and how to improve your performance. This guide breaks down the essential terminology into clear, bite-sized chunks, pairing each English term with its Chinese equivalent and simple explanations. Use it to revise, test yourself, and build confidence for both practical and written assessments.
掌握体育学科的词汇就像学习一项新运动的规则——一旦你了解了关键术语，一切都会变得清晰起来。在 WJEC Year 8 课程中，你会遇到描述身体如何运动、如何对锻炼作出反应以及如何提升表现的各种词语。本指南将核心术语分解成易于消化的小块，每个英语术语都配有对应的中文和简明解释。用它来复习、自我检测，并为实践与书面评估建立信心。
1. Movement & Actions | 动作与活动
In PE, precise words are used to describe how the body travels and changes position. An 'abduction' takes a limb away from the midline of the body, like lifting your arm sideways; 'adduction' brings it back towards the centre. When you bend a joint, such as the elbow, that is 'flexion'; straightening it again is 'extension'. A 'rotation' happens when a bone turns around its own long axis, as when you shake your head 'no'.
在体育中，人们用精准的词语来描述身体的移动和姿势变化。“外展”是将肢体远离身体中线的动作，比如向侧面抬起手臂；“内收”则是将其带回身体中心。当你弯曲某一关节（如肘部）时，这叫作“屈曲”；再次伸直则称为“伸展”。“旋转”是指骨绕其自身长轴转动，例如你摇头说“不”时的动作。
Other movement terms you must know include 'locomotion' - any action that moves the whole body from place to place, such as running, skipping or swimming. 'Agility' is the ability to change direction quickly without losing balance, while 'balance' itself means keeping the body's centre of mass over its base of support. Practise saying these words out loud while performing the movements to cement them in memory.
其他你必须了解的动作术语包括“位移运动”——任何使整个身体从一处移动到另一处的动作，如跑、跳步或游泳。“灵敏性”是指快速改变方向而不失去平衡的能力，而“平衡”本身则意味着保持身体重心位于支撑面之上。你可以边做动作边大声说出这些词语，从而将它们牢牢记住。
2. Bones & Muscles | 骨骼与肌肉
The skeleton does far more than hold us upright. 'Long bones', like the femur and humerus, act as levers to produce movement. 'Short bones', such as those in the wrist, provide stability and fine control. 'Flat bones', including the ribs and cranium, protect internal organs. 'Irregular bones', like the vertebrae, have complex shapes that suit their protective and supportive roles. You also need to recall that a 'joint' is where two or more bones meet.
骨骼的作用远不止支撑身体直立。“长骨”（如股骨和肱骨）起着杠杆的作用，用来产生运动。“短骨”（如腕骨）提供稳定性和精细控制。“扁骨”（包括肋骨和颅骨）保护内脏器官。“不规则骨”（如椎骨）形状复杂，与其保护与支持的功能相匹配。你还需要记住，“关节”是两块或更多骨头的相接之处。
Muscles work in pairs or groups across joints. The 'agonist' (or prime mover) is the muscle that contracts to create the desired movement; for example, when you bend your elbow, the biceps is the agonist. The 'antagonist' relaxes to allow that movement. 'Isotonic' contractions involve movement (like a bicep curl), while 'isometric' contractions create tension without a change in muscle length, such as holding a plank.
肌肉跨过关节成对或成组地工作。“主动肌”（原动肌）是收缩并产生所需动作的肌肉；例如，弯曲肘部时，二头肌即为主动肌。“拮抗肌”则是放松以允许该动作发生的肌肉。“等张收缩”涉及关节运动（如弯举），“等长收缩”则在肌肉长度不变的情况下产生张力，比如平板支撑。
3. Heart & Lungs | 心脏与肺部
The cardiovascular system is your body’s delivery service. 'Heart rate' (HR) is the number of times your heart beats per minute, measured in bpm. 'Stroke volume' ount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat. When you multiply these two, you get 'cardiac output' R × SV). During exercise, your heart rate increases to supply working muscles with oxygen. 'Resting heart rate' tends to be lower in fitter individuals.
心血管系统是你身体的运输服务系统。“心率”(HR) 是指心脏每分钟跳动的次数，以 bpm 为单位。“每搏输出量”是心脏每次搏动所泵出的血量。将两者相乘，就得到“心输出量”(Q = HR × SV)。运动中，心率会加快，以便为工作的肌肉供应氧气。身体越健康的人，“安静心率”往往越低。
On the respiratory side, 'breathing rate' is the number of breaths you take per minute. 'Tidal volume' is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one normal breath. 'Vital capacity' is the maximum air you can forcibly exhale after a maximum inhale. 'Oxygen debt' (or EPOC) refers to the extra oxygen your body needs to recover after intense activity, helping to clear lactic acid and replenish energy stores.
在呼吸方面，“呼吸频率”是你每分钟的呼吸次数。“潮气量”是一次正常呼吸中进出肺部的空气量。“肺活量”是最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大空气量。“氧债”（或运动后过量氧耗）是指身体在剧烈活动后恢复所需的额外氧气，有助于清除乳酸并补充能量储备。
4. Fitness Components | 体能要素
Health-related fitness components include 'cardiovascular endurance' (the ability of the heart and lungs to keep working over time), 'muscular strength' (the maximum force a muscle can exert), 'muscular endurance' (repeated contractions without fatigue), 'flexibility' (range of motion around a joint), and 'body composition' (the proportion of fat, muscle and bone).
与健康相关的体能要素包括“心血管耐力”（心脏和肺部长时间持续工作的能力）、“肌肉力量”（肌肉可产生的最大力）、“肌肉耐力”（在不疲劳的情况下重复收缩的能力）、“柔韧性”（关节活动幅度）以及“身体成分”（脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的比例）。
Skill-related fitness components are especially important in games. 'Speed' is how fast you can move; 'power' combines strength and speed (explosive movements like jumping). 'Reaction time' is the time taken to respond to a stimulus. 'Coordination' involves using different body parts smoothly together. 'Agility' and 'balance' we have already met, but don't forget 'accuracy' – the ability to control movement in a precise direction.
与技能相关的体能要素在比赛中尤为重要。“速度”是指移动的快慢；“爆发力”是力量与速度的结合（如跳跃这类爆发性动作）。“反应时”是对刺激作出反应所需的时间。“协调性”指流畅地同时运用不同身体部位的能力。“灵敏性”和“平衡”我们已经提过，但不要忘记“准确性”——对运动方向进行精准控制的能力。
5. Training Principles | 训练原则
To improve fitness, you must follow the 'FITT principle': Frequency (how often you train), Intensity (how hard you work), Time (how long each session lasts), and Type (the kind of exercise). A second layer is the 'SPORT' principle: Specificity (training must be relevant to your sport), Progression (gradually increasing demands), Overload (working harder than normal), Reversibility (fitness is lost if you stop), and Tedium (keeping training varied to avoid boredom).
要提高体能，你必须遵循“FITT 原则”：频率（多久训练一次）、强度（训练有多吃力）、时间（每次训练持续多久）和类型（进行何种锻炼）。另一个层面是“SPORT 原则”：针对性（训练必须与你的运动项目相关）、渐进性（逐渐增加要求）、超负荷（比平时更努力地锻炼）、可逆性（一旦停止训练，体能便会下降）和枯燥性（训练需多样化以避免无聊）。
Overload can be achieved by manipulating the FITT variables. You might increase the weight you lift (intensity), add an extra set (time/volume), or train more days per week (frequency). 'Rest and recovery' are equally important; they allow muscles to repair and the body to adapt. Without rest, you risk 'overtraining', which can lead to injury, illness and poor performance.
超负荷可以通过调整 FITT 变量来实现。你可以增加举起的重量（强度）、增加组数（时间/量）或每周增加训练天数（频率）。“休息与恢复”同样重要；它们让肌肉修复、身体适应。没有休息，你会面临“过度训练”的风险，这可能导致受伤、生病和表现下降。
6. Skill-related Terms | 技能相关术语
A 'skill' is a learned action or behaviour with a specific goal. 'Open skills' are performed in unpredictable, changing environments – think of a tackle in rugby where opponents move at the last second. 'Closed skills' take place in stable, predictable settings, such as a gymnast's floor routine. 'Gross skills' involve large muscle groups (e.g. kicking a ball), while 'fine skills' use small muscle groups for precision (e.g. a dart throw).
“技能”是为达成特定目标而习得的动作或行为。“开放式技能”在不可预测、不断变化的环境中执行——想象一下橄榄球中的抢断，对手在最后一刻还在移动。“封闭式技能”则在稳定、可预测的环境中进行，如体操运动员的自由操。“粗大技能”涉及大肌肉群（如踢球），而“精细技能”则调动小肌肉群以实现精准（如投掷飞镖）。
In WJEC, you may also hear about 'fundamental movement skills' (FMS) – the building blocks of all sport, including running, jumping, throwing, catching and balancing. 'Feedback' is information a performer receives about their performance; it can be 'intrinsic' (felt from within, e.g. knowing a pass felt right) or 'extrinsic' (coming from a coach, video, or the result itself).
在 WJEC 课程中，你可能还会听到“基本动作技能”(FMS)——所有运动的基石，包括跑、跳、投、接和平衡。“反馈”是表现者获得的关于其表现的信息；它可以是“内在的”（来自自身感觉，例如知道某次传球的感觉是对的），也可以是“外在的”（来自教练、录像或结果本身）。
7. Game Tactics | 比赛战术
Tactical language helps you understand and create strategies. 'Attack' means moving forward to score; 'defence' means protecting your goal or space. A 'formation' describes how players are arranged on the field or court, such as 4-4-2 in football. 'Pressing' is a tactic where the defending team applies immediate pressure to win back possession. 'Counter-attack' is a rapid transition from defence to attack when the opponent is out of position.
战术用语有助于你理解与制定策略。“进攻”指向前推进以得分；“防守”指保护自家球门或空间。“阵型”描述球员在场上的排列方式，例如足球中的 4-4-2。“逼抢”是防守方为夺回球权而立即施压的战术。“快速反击”是指趁对手阵形未稳时，从防守迅速转为进攻。
Other useful terms include 'width' (spreading play across the pitch to stretch the defence), 'depth' (using forward and backward positioning to create layers), and 'marking' (staying close to an opponent to limit their options). Using these words in your written evaluations will show deeper understanding of how games are played and won.
其他有用术语包括“宽度”（将比赛横向拉开以拉扯防线）、“纵深”（利用前后站位创造层次）和“盯人”（紧贴对手以限制其选择）。在你的书面评估中使用这些词汇，可以展示你对比赛打法和致胜之道的更深刻理解。
8. Nutrition & Hydration | 营养与补水
Fuel and fluids directly affect performance. 'Macronutrients' are needed in large amounts: 'carbohydrates' provide the body’s main energy source, 'proteins' aid growth and repair, and 'fats' give slow-release energy and insulation. 'Micronutrients' include vitamins and minerals, which support everything from bone health (calcium) to oxygen transport (iron).
能量与液体直接影响运动表现。“常量营养素”需要大量摄入：“碳水化合物”提供身体的主要能量来源，“蛋白质”有助于生长与修复，“脂肪”则提供缓慢释放的能量并起隔热作用。“微量营养素”包括维生素和矿物质，它们支持从骨骼健康（钙）到氧气运输（铁）等各种功能。
'Hydration' is the process of replacing lost fluids. 'Dehydration' happens when the body loses more water than it takes in, leading to reduced concentration, dizziness and poor performance. A good strategy is to drink water before, during and after exercise. For longer events, athletes might use 'isotonic sports drinks' that contain sugars and electrolytes to rapidly rehydrate and refuel.
“水合作用”是指补充流失液体的过程。当身体流失的水分多于摄入时，就会发生“脱水”，导致注意力下降、头晕和表现变差。一个好的策略是在运动前、中、后都喝水。对于持续时间较长的项目，运动员可能会使用“等渗运动饮料”，其中含糖和电解质，可以快速补水和补充能量。
9. Injury Prevention | 损伤预防
Knowing the vocabulary around safety can help you avoid problems. A 'warm-up' gradually raises heart rate, warms muscles and increases joint mobility before the main activity; it typically includes pulse raisers, dynamic stretches and skill-related drills. The 'cool-down' afterwards gradually lowers heart rate and includes static stretching to help remove waste products and reduce muscle soreness.
了解安全方面的词汇有助于你避免麻烦。“热身”在主活动之前逐步提高心率、温暖肌肉并增加关节灵活性；通常包括提高心率的练习、动态拉伸和与技能相关的训练。随后的“整理活动”逐渐降低心率，并包括静态拉伸，以帮助清除代谢废物并减轻肌肉酸痛。
Common injuries include 'sprains' (damage to ligaments), 'strains' (damage to muscle fibres or tendons), and 'fractures' (cracked or broken bones). 'R.I.C.E.' stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation – a first-aid protocol for soft-tissue injuries. Understanding 'overuse injuries', such as shin splints, reminds you that building training loads gradually is essential.
常见损伤包括“扭伤”（韧带损伤）、“拉伤”（肌纤维或肌腱损伤）和“骨折”（骨裂或断骨）。“R.I.C.E.” 代表休息、冰敷、加压、抬高——这是针对软组织损伤的急救原则。理解“过度使用性损伤”（如胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎）会提醒你，逐步增加训练负荷是至关重要的。
10. Assessment & Feedback | 评价与反馈
In WJEC PE, you will often be asked to evaluate your own or others' performances. 'Observation' means watching with a clear focus. 'Analysis' involves breaking the performance down into parts – for example, looking at the preparation, execution and follow-through of a tennis serve. 'Evaluation' then judges its quality, identifying strengths and areas for improvement.
在 WJEC 体育中，你经常需要评价自己或他人的表现。“观察”是指带着明确重点去观看。“分析”则涉及将表现分解为不同部分——例如，观察网球发球的准备、执行和随挥动作。“评价”进而判断其质量，找出优势与需要改进的地方。
A 'performance profile' is a tool that lists different skills or fitness components and rates them, often on a scale, to show where you are now and where you want to be. 'Goal setting' uses the 'SMART' framework: Goals should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. Writing a goal like 'improve my 50 m sprint time by 0.3 s within six weeks' is far more effective than just 'run faster'.
“表现档案”是一种工具，它列出不同的技能或体能要素并加以评级（通常按等级），以显示你当前的状态与目标状态。“目标设定”采用 “SMART” 框架：目标应当具体 (Specific)、可测量 (Measurable)、可达成 (Achievable)、相关 (Relevant) 且有时限 (Time-bound)。像“在六周内将我的 50 米短跑成绩提高 0.3 秒”这样的目标，远比“跑得快一些”更为有效。
11. Competition & Rules | 竞赛与规则
Every sport has its own 'etiquette' – the unwritten rules of fair play and respect for opponents and officials. 'Regulations' are the official written rules that govern the game, covering scoring, fouls, equipment and player conduct. An 'official' (referee, umpire or judge) enforces these rules. 'Fair play' is a central value; it means playing honestly, with integrity and without cheating.
每项运动都有自己的“礼仪”——即关于公平竞争、尊重对手和裁判的不成文规则。“规程”是管理比赛的正式书面规则，涵盖得分、犯规、器材和球员行为。“裁判”（主裁、裁判员或评判员）负责执行这些规则。“公平竞争”是一项核心价值，意味着诚实、正直地比赛，不作弊。
You should also be able to use terms like 'tournament' (an organized competition with multiple matches or events), 'round-robin' (a format where every team plays every other team), and 'knockout' (a format where a single loss eliminates a team or player). Knowing these structures helps you contribute to planning and understanding sport beyond just playing.
你还应该能使用诸如“锦标赛”（含多场比赛的有组织竞赛）、“循环赛”（每队均与其他队交手一次的赛制）和“淘汰赛”（输一场即被淘汰的赛制）等术语。了解这些结构有助于你在制定计划时作出贡献，并超越单纯的运动参与去理解体育。
12. Anatomy of Movement | 运动解剖
Joint types determine the range and direction of movement. 'Ball-and-socket joints' (hip, shoulder) allow movement in many directions, including rotation. 'Hinge joints' (elbow, knee) work like a door hinge, allowing flexion and extension only. 'Pivot joints' (neck) permit rotation. 'Gliding joints' (between vertebrae) allow small sliding movements. Matching the joint to its action will help you explain technique in any sport.
关节类型决定了运动的幅度和方向。“球窝关节”（髋、肩）允许包括旋转在内的多方向运动。“铰链关节”（肘、膝）像门铰一样工作，只允许屈伸。“车轴关节”（颈部）允许旋转。“滑动关节”（椎骨之间）则允许小幅的滑动。将关节与其动作匹配起来，将有助于你解释任何运动项目的技术。
Movement happens in 'planes of motion'. The 'sagittal plane' divides the body into left and right; movements like running and bicep curls occur here. The 'frontal plane' divides the body into front and back; side steps and star jumps are frontal-plane movements. The 'transverse plane' divides upper and lower; twisting actions, like a discus throw, take place in this plane. Understanding planes adds a scientific layer to your PE vocabulary.
运动发生在“运动平面”中。“矢状面”将身体分为左右两部分；跑步、弯举等动作发生在此平面。“冠状面”将身体分为前后两部分；侧并步、开合跳属于冠状面运动。“水平面”则分开上下半身；扭转动作（如掷铁饼）便发生在这个平面。理解这些平面，能为你的体育词汇增添一层科学色彩。
Published by TutorHao | PE Revision Series | aleveler.com
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