📚 Year 8 CIE Statistics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 CIE 统计：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 8 CIE Statistics Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide. Statistics is a subject built on language: before you can draw a graph, calculate an average or explain a trend, you must know exactly what each word means. This guide presents every key term with a clear explanations in both English explanation, a matching Chinese explanation, memory aids and quick reference tables. Whether you are preparing for a class test or building a solid bilingual foundation, this resource will help you revise efficiently and answer exam questions with confidence.
欢迎使用 Year 8 CIE 统计词汇术语速记指南。统计是一门建立在语言之上的学科：在你会画图、会算平均数、会解释趋势之前，必须先弄清每个词的确切含义。本指南为每个核心术语提供清晰的英文解释与对应的中文解释，并配有记忆技巧和速查表格。无论你是在准备班级测验，还是在打扎实的双语基础，这份资料都能帮你高效复习、自信答题。
1. Why Vocabulary Matters in Statistics | 为什么统计词汇如此重要
In statistics, almost every mark in an exam is attached to a specific command word: state, describe, compare, calculate, explain. If you misread the command word, you lose the mark even when your mathematics is perfect.
在统计考试中，几乎每一分都绑定在一个特定的指令词上：陈述、描述、比较、计算、解释。如果你误读了指令词，即使数学完全正确也会丢分。
Terminology also controls accuracy. Confusing discrete with continuous data, or a sample with a population, leads to wrong conclusions rather than just wrong wording, so vocabulary is a mathematical skill, not a memory chore.
术语还直接决定准确性。把离散数据与连续数据搞混，或把样本与总体搞混，带来的不只是措辞错误，而是错误结论。所以词汇是一项数学技能，而不是背诵负担。
A useful habit is the three column method: write the term, write a definition in your own words, then write one concrete example from your own life. The personal example is what makes the word stick.
一个好习惯是"三栏法"：第一栏写术语，第二栏用自己的话写定义，第三栏写一个来自你生活的具体例子。正是这个个人例子让单词真正记住。
Finally, bilingual revision doubles your retrieval routes. If you can define a term in both English and Chinese, you understand the concept rather than just recognising the word.
最后，双语复习相当于给你两条提取信息的通道。如果你能用英文和中文各定义一次，说明你理解的是概念，而不只是认识这个词。
2. Data and Types of Data | 数据与数据类型
Data is a collection of facts, numbers or observations that you can be analysed. In statistics, data is can be grouped into several types depending on its nature and the way it is collected.
数据是指可分析的一组事实、数字或观察结果。在统计中，数据可根据其性质和收集方式分为多种类型。
The first big split is qualitative versus quantitative. Qualitative data describes qualities or categories; quantitative data consists of numerical values that can be measured or counted.
第一个大分类是定性数据与定量数据。定性数据描述性质或类别；定量数据则由可测量或可计数的数值组成。
Quantitative data is then split again into discrete and continuous. data. Discrete data can only take specific values, usually whole numbers, such as the number of students in a class - you cannot have 20.5 students.
定量数据再分为离散数据与连续数据。离散数据只能取特定值，通常是整数，例如班级人数——不可能有 20.5 个学生。
Continuous data can take any value within a given range, including decimals, such as height 1.63 m, time 32.5 s or mass 45.7 kg. If a measuring instrument can give you a more precise reading, the data is continuous.
连续数据在给定范围内可取任意值，包括小数，例如身高 1.63 m、时间 32.5 s 或质量 45.7 kg。如果换一把更精密的仪器还能读出更细的数值，那它就是连续数据。
A quick test you can apply in the exam: ask yourself 'can I count it?' If yes, it is likely discrete; ask 'can I measure it with a scale or instrument?' If yes, it is continuous.
考场上可用一个快速判断法：问自己"我能数它吗？"能数，多半是离散数据；再问"我能用刻度或仪器量它吗？"能量，就是连续数据。
3. Qualitative Data in Detail | 定性数据详解
Qualitative data, also called categorical data, describes categories rather than amounts. Examples include favourite colour, type of pet, eye colour, modes of transport and true or false answers.
定性数据又称分类数据，描述的是类别而不是数量。例如最喜欢的颜色、宠物种类、眼睛颜色、出行方式以及对/错答案。
Qualitative data is non-numerical, so you cannot add it or find its mean. If you are ever asked to calculate an average of colours, the question is testing whether you know this limitation.
定性数据是非数值型的，因此不能相加，也不能求平均数。如果题目要求你计算"颜色的平均数"，它其实是在考查你是否知道这一限制。
Categorical data may be nominal or ordinal. Nominal categories have no natural order, such as pet type. Ordinal categories have a clear order, such as 'strongly agree, agree, disagree'.
分类数据还可分为无序与有序。无序类别没有天然顺序，例如宠物种类；有序类别有明显的顺序，例如"非常同意、同意、不同意"。
For qualitative data the only sensible summary statistics are the mode and the frequency, displayed in a bar chart or pie chart rather than a histogram.
对定性数据而言，唯一合理的汇总统计量是众数和频数，通常用条形图或饼图呈现，而不是直方图。
4. Quantitative Data: Discrete and Continuous | 定量数据：离散与连续
Quantitative data is numerical and answers the question 'how many?' or 'how much?'. It is the type of data you can put into order, subtract and average.
定量数据是数值型的，回答"有多少？"或"有多少量？"这类问题。它是可以排序、相减并求平均的数据。
Discrete data comes from counting. Examples: number of goals scored, number of siblings, number of cars in a car park, shoe size in whole numbers.
离散数据来自计数。例如：进球数、兄弟姐妹数量、停车场里的汽车数量、以整数表示的鞋码。
Continuous data comes from measuring. Examples: length, mass, temperature, time, speed and capacity. Continuous data is always rounded in practice, which is why exam questions often say 'to the nearest centimetre'.
连续数据来自测量。例如：长度、质量、温度、时间、速度和容量。实际记录时连续数据总会被四舍五入，所以考题常写"精确到最近的厘米"。
Remember the boundary rule: for continuous data recorded to the nearest unit, a value of 1.63 m could be anything from 1.625 m up to but not including 1.635 m. This idea later becomes class boundaries in grouped frequency tables.
记住边界规则：精确到最小单位的连续数据，1.63 m 实际可能来自 1.625 m 到（不含）1.635 m 之间的任意值。这个概念后来就变成分组频数表中的组边界。
Discrete: counted values | Continuous: measured values
5. Population, Sample and Data Sources | 总体、样本与数据来源
A population is the whole group you want information about, for example all Year 8 students in your school. A sample is a smaller part of that population which you actually survey.
总体是你想了解信息的整个群体，例如你学校所有八年级学生。样本则是你实际调查的、从中抽取的一小部分。
A census measures every member of the population; a survey measures a sample. A census is accurate but expensive and slow, while a sample is quicker but may be biased.
普查测量总体中的每一个个体；调查则只测量一个样本。普查准确但费时费钱，抽样更快但可能存在偏差。
Primary data is data you collect yourself, such as your own questionnaire results. Secondary data is data someone else collected, such as figures from a textbook or a website.
一手数据是你自己收集的数据，例如你自己问卷的结果。二手数据是别人收集的数据，例如教材或网站上的数字。
Bias means the sample does not fairly represent the population. Asking only football club members about favourite sports, or only surveying people leaving a gym about exercise habits, produces biased results.
偏差指样本不能公平地代表总体。只问足球社成员最喜欢的运动，或只在健身房门口调查运动习惯，都会得到有偏差的结果。
A random sample gives every member of the population an equal chance of being chosen. Random sampling reduces bias and makes conclusions more reliable, and the word 'reliable' is often the mark-scoring term.
随机抽样让总体中每个个体被选中的机会相等。随机抽样能减少偏差，使结论更可靠，而"可靠"这个词往往就是得分关键词。
6. Tally Charts and Frequency Tables | 画记表与频数表
A tally chart records data using groups of five strokes, with the fifth stroke drawn diagonally across the previous four. It lets you count while you collect.
画记表用五个一组来记录数据，第五笔斜跨前四笔。它能让你边收集边计数。
Frequency is the number of times a value or category occurs. In a frequency table, each row shows a value and its frequency, and the total of the frequency column equals the number of data items.
频数是一个数值或类别出现的次数。在频数表中，每一行显示一个取值及其频数，频数那一列的总和等于数据总个数。
When there are many different values, data is grouped into class intervals, for example 0-9, 10-19, 20-29. A grouped frequency table is useful for large sets of continuous data but loses the exact original values.
当取值很多时，数据会被分组为组区间，例如 0-9、10-19、20-29。分组频数表适合处理大量连续数据，但会丢失原始精确值。
is (10 + 19) ÷ 2 = 14.5. Midpoints are used when estimating the mean from a grouped table.
组区间的组中值等于两端点的平均数，因此 10-19 的组中值是 (10 + 19) ÷ 2 = 14.5。用分组表估算平均数时就要用到组中值。
Watch the classic trap: intervals must not overlap and must cover every possible value. '0-10, 10-20' is wrong because 10 appears twice; '0-9, 10-19' is correct.
注意经典陷阱：各区间既不能重叠，也必须覆盖所有可能取值。"0-10, 10-20" 是错的，因为 10 出现了两次；"0-9, 10-19" 才是正确的。
7. Statistical Diagrams Vocabulary | 统计图表术语
A bar chart shows qualitative or discrete data using bars of equal width with gaps between them. A histogram shows grouped continuous data using bars with no gaps, where the width also carries meaning.
条形图用等宽且有间隔的柱子表示定性或离散数据。直方图用无间隔的柱子表示分组的连续数据，柱宽本身也携带信息。
A pie chart shows proportions of a whole using sectors, where each sector angle is calculated from its share of 360°. A pictogram uses repeated symbols with a key showing what each symbol represents.
饼图用扇形表示各部分占整体的比例，每个扇形的角度由其份额乘 360° 算出。象形图用重复的符号表示数据，并用图例说明每个符号代表多少。
A line graph plots values joined by straight lines, usually against time, and is used to show a trend such as an increase, a decrease or a seasonal pattern.
折线图把数据点用直线连接，通常横轴是时间，用于展示趋势，例如上升、下降或季节性变化。
Every graph needs a title, labelled axes, a suitable scale and, when needed, a key. An axis is the horizontal or vertical reference line, and the scale is the number value each equal step on that axis represents.
每张图都需要标题、标注清楚的坐标轴、合适的刻度，必要时还要图例。坐标轴是水平或垂直的参考线，刻度则是轴上每一等分所代表的数值。
A stem-and-leaf diagram splits each value into a stem and a leaf, keeping the original values while showing shape. An outlier is a value that lies far away from the rest of the data.
茎叶图把每个数值拆成"茎"和"叶"，在展示分布形状的同时保留原始数值。离群值则是远离其他数据的数值。
8. The Three Averages: Mean, Median, Mode | 三种平均数：均值、中位数、众数
The mean is the total of all values divided by the number of values. It uses every piece of data, so it is sensitive to extreme values.
均值是所有数值之和除以数值个数。它用到了每个数据，因此对极端值很敏感。
Mean = Σx ÷ n
The median is the middle value when the data is arranged in order. If there is an even number of values, the median is the mean of the two middle values.
中位数是把数据从小到大排列后位于中间的那个值。如果数值个数是偶数，中位数就是中间两个数的平均值。
Median position = (n + 1) ÷ 2
The mode is the value that occurs most often. A data set may have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all, and the mode is the only average that works for qualitative data.
众数是出现次数最多的数值。一组数据可能有一个众数、多个众数，也可能没有众数；众数也是唯一适用于定性数据的平均数。
Exam tip: when asked which average is best, always justify with the data. If one very large value would pull the mean up, use the median; if you need the most typical value for a category, use the mode.
考试技巧：被问到"哪种平均数最好"时，一定要结合数据说明理由。如果有一个很大的值会把均值拉高，就用中位数；如果需要某一类别中最典型的取值，就用众数。
9. Range, Spread and Outliers | 极差、离散程度与离群值
Averages tell you the centre of the data, but they say nothing about how spread out it is. Two classes can share the same mean while having very different consistency.
平均数告诉你数据的中心，却不能说明数据分散程度。两个班级可能有相同的均值，但稳定性差别很大。
The range is the difference between the largest and smallest values, and it is the simplest measure of spread.
极差是最大值与最小值之差，是最简单的离散程度度量。
Range = largest value − smallest value
A small range suggests the data is clustered and consistent; a large range suggests variety, risk or unpredictability. In a test about reaction times, a smaller range usually indicates better consistency.
极差小说明数据集中、稳定；极差大说明差异大、风险高或不可预测。在反应时间测试中，较小的极差通常代表更好的稳定性。
The range only uses two values, so it is easily distorted by an outlier. For this reason, a comparison that mentions both the mean and the range is usually worth more marks than one that mentions only the mean.
极差只用到两个数值，因此很容易被离群值扭曲。也正因如此，同时提到均值与极差的比较通常比只提均值更容易拿满分。
Always write the comparison in context: 'Class A has a lower mean score (62 compared with 71) and a smaller range (18 compared with 30), so Class A performed worse on average but was more consistent.'
比较时一定要联系情境来写："A 班的平均分更低（62 比 71），极差也更小（18 比 30），所以 A 班平均表现较弱，但成绩更稳定。"
10. Probability Vocabulary Basics | 概率基础术语
An experiment is an action that produces results, such as rolling a die. An outcome is a single possible result, and the sample space is the set of all possible outcomes.
试验是能产生结果的行为，例如掷骰子。结果是其中一个可能出现的结局，而样本空间是所有可能结果的集合。
An event is a collection of one or more outcomes, such as 'rolling an even number'. Probability measures how likely an event is, using a scale from 0 to 1.
事件是一个或多个结果组成的集合，例如"掷出偶数"。概率用来度量事件发生的可能性，取值在 0 到 1 之间。
An event with probability 0 is impossible; an event with probability 1 is certain. A fair coin gives a probability of ½ for heads, and a fair six-sided die gives 1/6 for each number.
概率为 0 的事件不可能发生，概率为 1 的事件必然发生。公平硬币出现正面概率为 ½，公平六面骰子每个数字的概率都是 1/6。
P(event) = number of favourable outcomes ÷ total number of possible outcomes
a 3 and rolling a 5 in one throw. For mutually exclusive events, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B).
如果两个事件不能同时发生，它们就是互斥事件，例如一次投掷中既掷出 3 又掷出 5。对互斥事件有 P(A 或 B) = P(A) + P(B)。
A). Experimental probability comes from actually carrying out trials, while theoretical probability comes from reasoning about equally likely outcomes; the more trials you run, the closer the two tend to get.
互补事件是仅有的两种可能，因此 P(非 A) = 1 − P(A)。实验概率来自真实试验，理论概率来自对等可能结果的推理；试验次数越多，两者越接近。
11. Interpreting and Questioning Graphs | 解读图表与质疑图表
A graph can be mathematically correct and still misleading. A truncated vertical axis that starts at 90 instead of 0 makes small differences look enormous, and this is one of the most commonly tested ideas.
一张图可以在数学上完全正确，却仍然具有误导性。纵轴从 90 而不是 0 开始，会让微小的差别看起来巨大，这是最常考的考点之一。
Other traps include uneven scales on an axis, inconsistent bar widths, missing labels, using area or volume to represent a one-dimensional quantity, and 3-D pie charts where sectors are hard to compare.
其他陷阱包括坐标轴刻度不均匀、柱宽不一致、缺少标注、用面积或体积表示一维数量，以及难以比较扇形的立体饼图。
When you are asked to comment on a graph, always check four things: the source of the data, the size of the sample, whether the axes are clearly labelled, and whether the sample was random or biased.
被要求评价一张图时，务必检查四件事：数据来源、样本大小、坐标轴是否标注清楚，以及样本是随机抽取还是有偏差的。
The key vocabulary for conclusions is: increase, decrease, rise, fall, peak, dip, steady, fluctuate, trend, correlation, and compare. Using these words precisely turns a vague comment into a full-mark answer.
写结论时的关键词有：增加、减少、上升、下降、峰值、低谷、平稳、波动、趋势、相关、比较。准确使用这些词，能把含糊的描述变成满分答案。
Remember that correlation is not causation. Two variables may rise together because of a third, hidden factor, and saying 'this causes that' without evidence loses marks.
记住相关不等于因果。两个变量同时上升，可能只是因为存在第三个隐藏因素；在没有证据时写"这导致那"会丢分。
12. Memory Techniques and Exam Strategy | 记忆技巧与考试策略
The most reliable memory technique for statistics vocabulary is pairing each word with a picture and a number. Draw a small histogram, write 'no gaps, continuous' and add the example 'heights in cm'. Three codes, one word.
对统计词汇最可靠的记忆技巧，是给每个词配一张图和一组数字。画一个小直方图，写上"无间隔、连续数据"，再补一个例子"身高（厘米）"。三种编码记一个词。
Use contrast pairs for easily confused terms: discrete versus continuous, mean versus median, population versus sample, primary versus secondary, bar chart versus histogram, biased versus random.
对容易混淆的术语要用对比成对记忆：离散对连续、均值对中位数、总体对样本、一手对二手、条形图对直方图、有偏差对随机。
Spaced repetition works better than one long session: review the list today, again in two days, and again next week. Say each definition out loud in English, then explain it in Chinese to test real understanding.
间隔复习比一次性长时间背诵更有效：今天复习一遍，两天后再复习，一周后再来一次。先用英文大声说出定义，再用中文解释一遍，以检验是否真正理解。
In the exam, underline the command word and the number of marks. A two-mark 'compare' question needs both a value and a comparison sentence; a 'calculate' question needs working, not just an answer.
考试时给指令词和分值划线。"比较"类两分题既要有数值，也要有比较句；"计算"类题目要有过程，不能只写答案。
| Term 术语 | English meaning 英文含义 | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|
| Data 数据 | Facts, numbers or observations | 事实、数字或观察结果 |
| Discrete 离散 | Counted, usually whole numbers | 计数得来，通常为整数 |
| Continuous 连续 | Measured, any value in a range | 测量得来，可取范围内任意值 |
| Frequency 频数 | How often a value occurs | 某取值出现的次数 |
| Mean 均值 | Total ÷ number of values | 总和 ÷ 数值个数 |
| Median 中位数 | Middle value in order | 排序后居中的值 |
| Mode 众数 | Most frequent value | 出现最频繁的值 |
| Range 极差 | Largest minus smallest | 最大值减最小值 |
| Outlier 离群值 | A value far from the rest | 远离其他数据的值 |
| Bias 偏差 | Sample not representative | 样本不具代表性 |
Work through this guide one section at a time, cover the English column and test yourself, then cover the Chinese column and do it again. Two passes in each direction will give you a bilingual glossary you can rely on in any Year 8 CIE Statistics test.
请一节一节地学习本指南：先遮住英文列自测，再遮住中文列自测。两个方向各过两遍，你就能得到一份在任何 Year 8 CIE 统计测验中都靠得住的双语术语表。
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