📚 Year 8 CIE Engineering: Glossary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | CIE 八年级工程：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick reference guide for Year 8 CIE Engineering terminology. Mastering these key terms will strengthen your understanding of forces, materials, mechanisms, electronics, and safe workshop practices. Each section provides concise definitions in English and Chinese to help you study efficiently.
欢迎使用CIE八年级工程术语速记指南。掌握这些关键术语将加深你对力、材料、机械、电子和安全车间实践的理解。每个部分都提供简洁的中英文定义，帮助你高效学习。
1. Forces and Loads | 力与载荷
In engineering, understanding how forces act on structures and components is essential. Forces can cause objects to move, deform, or stay in equilibrium. Common types of forces include tension, compression, shear, and torsion.
在工程学中，理解力如何作用在结构和部件上至关重要。力可以使物体运动、变形或保持平衡。常见的力类型包括拉力、压力、剪切力和扭力。
| Term & Definition | 术语与定义 |
|---|---|
| Force: A push or pull that can change an object's motion. Unit: newton (N). | 力：能改变物体运动状态的推力或拉力。单位：牛顿（N）。 |
| Load: The weight or force applied to a structure. | 载荷：施加在结构上的重量或力。 |
| Tension: A pulling force that stretches a material. | 拉力：拉伸材料的拉力。 |
| Compression: A pushing force that shortens or squeezes a material. | 压力：缩短或挤压材料的推力。 |
| Shear: A force that causes parts of a material to slide past each other in opposite directions. | 剪切力：使材料各部分沿相反方向相对滑动的力。 |
| Torsion: A twisting force that causes rotation. | 扭力：导致旋转的扭转力。 |
| Bending: A combination of tension and compression causing a member to curve. | 弯曲：拉力和压力的组合导致构件弯曲。 |
2. Structural Members and Stability | 结构构件与稳定性
Structures are made up of various members that carry loads and resist forces. The stability of a structure depends on its centre of gravity, base size, and how members are arranged.
结构由各种构件组成，这些构件承载荷载并抵抗外力。结构的稳定性取决于其重心、底座尺寸以及构件的布置方式。
| Term & Definition | 术语与定义 |
|---|---|
| Beam: A horizontal structural member that carries loads across a span. | 梁：跨越跨度承载荷载的水平结构构件。 |
| Column: A vertical member that supports compressive loads. | 柱：承受压力荷载的垂直构件。 |
| Truss: A framework of members, usually triangles, used to support loads. | 桁架：通常由三角形单元组成的构架，用于承载荷载。 |
| Strut: A member designed to resist compression. | 压杆：设计用于抵抗压力的构件。 |
| Tie: A member designed to resist tension. | 拉杆：设计用于抵抗拉力的构件。 |
| Centre of gravity: The point where the entire weight of an object appears to act. | 重心：物体全部重量似乎作用的点。 |
| Stability: The ability of a structure to resist toppling when a force is applied. | 稳定性：结构在受力时抵抗倾覆的能力。 |
| Equilibrium: A state where all forces on a body are balanced, and it is at rest or moving uniformly. | 平衡：物体上所有力相互抵消，处于静止或匀速运动的状态。 |
3. Simple Machines and Mechanical Advantage | 简单机械与机械效益
Simple machines make work easier by changing the direction or magnitude of a force. The mechanical advantage (MA) measures how much a machine multiplies the effort force. A lever, for example, uses a rigid bar pivoted on a fulcrum.
简单机械通过改变力的方向或大小使工作更轻松。机械效益（MA）衡量机器将作用力放大了多少。例如，杠杆利用支点上的刚性杆工作。
MA = Load / Effort
机械效益等于负载除以作用力。当MA大于1时，机器放大作用力。
| Term & Definition | 术语与定义 |
|---|---|
| Lever: A rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point (fulcrum) to lift or move a load. | 杠杆：绕固定点（支点）旋转以提升或移动负载的刚性杆。 |
| Fulcrum: The pivot point of a lever. | 支点：杠杆的旋转点。 |
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