📚 Year 8 WJEC Law: Formula & Principle Quick Reference Handbook | 年8 WJEC 法律：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 8 WJEC Law quick reference guide. Here you will find the core legal formulas, rules, and principles presented as simple equations and checklists. Treat each entry like a formula in maths or science — it shows you how to build a legal argument or identify a legal problem.
欢迎使用你的年8 WJEC 法律速查手册。这里你将找到核心的法律公式、规则和原则，并以简单的等式和清单呈现。把每一个条目当作数学或科学中的公式——它告诉你如何构建一个法律论据或识别一个法律问题。
1. The Basic Crime Formula | 犯罪基本公式
Every crime (almost) has two essential parts. If one part is missing, there is no crime.
每个犯罪（几乎）都有两个必要部分。如果缺少一部分，就不构成犯罪。
- Formula: Actus Reus + Mens Rea = Crime
- 公式： 犯罪行为 + 犯罪意图 = 犯罪
Without a guilty act, you cannot be convicted. Without a guilty mind, you usually cannot be convicted either.
没有犯罪行为，你不能被定罪。没有犯罪意图，你通常也不能被定罪。
Example: If you accidentally take someone else’s identical bag thinking it is yours, you lack mens rea (no intention to steal).
例子：如果你误拿了别人的相同款式包包以为是自己，你缺少犯罪意图（没有偷窃的意图）。
2. Actus Reus Breakdown | 犯罪行为分解
Actus reus can be an act, an omission (failure to act), or a state of affairs. Check these three forms.
犯罪行为可以是作为、不作为（未能行动）或事态。请检查这三种形式。
- Formula: Actus Reus = Voluntary Act / Omission / State of Affairs
- 公式： 犯罪行为 = 自愿行为 / 不作为 / 事态
An omission only counts if you have a legal duty to act, e.g. a parent failing to feed a child.
不作为只有在你负有法律义务时才构成，例如父母未能喂养孩子。
Example of state of affairs: being found drunk in charge of a vehicle — the situation itself is the actus reus.
事态的例子：被发现醉酒掌管车辆——这种情况本身即为犯罪行为。
3. Mens Rea Levels | 犯罪意图等级
Mens rea is not just one type. It has different levels of blameworthiness.
犯罪意图不只有一种类型。它有不同的可责性等级。
- Formula: Mens Rea = Intention / Recklessness / Negligence (in some offences)
- 公式： 犯罪意图 = 故意 / 轻率 / 过失（在某些犯罪中）
Intention is the highest form: you aim to bring about the result. Recklessness is taking an unjustified risk you are aware of. Negligence is failing to see a risk a reasonable person would have seen.
故意是最高形式：你旨在导致该结果。轻率是明知有不正当风险而为之。过失是未能看到一个理性人会看到的危险。
Example: Pushing someone off a roof (intention); throwing a brick without looking into a crowd (recklessness); a doctor forgetting to check a fatal allergy (negligence).
例子：将某人推下屋顶（故意）；看也不看向人群扔砖块（轻率）；医生忘记检查致命过敏（过失）。
4. Causation Rule | 因果关系规则
Even if you have actus reus and mens rea, you must prove the defendant caused the result. There are two parts to causation.
即使你有犯罪行为和犯罪意图，你必须证明被告造成了结果。因果关系有两个部分。
- Formula: Factual Causation (the 'but for' test) + Legal Causation (substantial and operative cause)
- 公式： 事实因果关系（“若非”测试）+ 法律因果关系（实质性且起作用的起因）
Factual: But for the defendant's conduct, would the result have happened? If no, factual causation is satisfied.
事实：若非被告的行为，结果会发生吗？如果不会，事实因果关系成立。
Legal: The defendant's action must be more than a minimal cause, and no intervening act breaks the chain of causation.
法律：被告的行为必须不仅仅是微小起因，且没有介入行为打断因果链条。
5. Strict Liability Exception | 严格责任例外
Some offences do not require mens rea. They are called strict liability offences. The formula changes.
有些犯罪不要求犯罪意图。它们被称为严格责任犯罪。公式变了。
- Formula: Actus Reus alone = Strict Liability Offence
- 公式： 仅有犯罪行为 = 严格责任犯罪
Example: speeding, selling alcohol to a minor, or food safety breaches. Even if you didn't mean to, you are guilty.
例子：超速、卖酒给未成年人，或违反食品安全。即使你不是故意的，你也有罪。
Justification: These offences protect public safety and order; proving mens rea would make enforcement too difficult.
理由：这些犯罪保护公共安全和秩序，要求证明犯罪意图会使执法过于困难。
6. Tort Law Formula: Negligence | 侵权法公式：过失
A tort is a civil wrong. The most common tort is negligence. It has a four-part formula.
侵权是民事过错。最常见的侵权是过失。它有一个四部分的公式。
- Formula: Duty of Care + Breach of Duty + Causation + Damage = Negligence
- 公式： 注意义务 + 违反义务 + 因果关系 + 损害 = 过失
First, did the defendant owe the claimant a duty of care? The neighbour principle: you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would injure your neighbour.
首先，被告对原告是否负有注意义务？邻人原则：你必须合理注意，避免你可以合理预见会伤害邻人的作为或不作为。
Second, breach: did the defendant fall below the standard of a reasonable person? Third, causation: did the breach cause the damage? Finally, damage: did the claimant suffer actual harm?
第二，违反：被告是否低于合理人的标准？第三，因果关系：违反是否造成损害？最后，损害：原告是否遭受实际伤害？
7. Sources of Law: The Hierarchy | 法律渊源：层级
Law comes from different sources, and some are more powerful than others. Remember this order.
法律来自不同渊源，其中一些比另一些更有力。记住这个顺序。
- Formula (Hierarchy): EU-derived Law (still influential) / Statute Law (Acts of Parliament) > Common Law (judge-made law) > Custom
- 公式（层级）： 欧盟衍生法（仍有影响） / 成文法（议会立法） > 普通法（法官造法） > 习惯
Parliament is sovereign; it can override any other law. EU law was supreme before Brexit, and some retained EU law still ranks high.
议会至上；它可以推翻任何其他法律。脱欧前欧盟法最高，一些保留的欧盟法仍具较高地位。
Example: The Human Rights Act 1998 gives effect to the European Convention on Human Rights in UK law, but Parliament can theoretically repeal it.
例子：1998年《人权法》使《欧洲人权公约》在联合王国法律中生效，但议会理论上可以废除它。
8. Criminal Trial Process Formula | 刑事审判流程公式
The criminal justice system follows a step-by-step formula, from incident to verdict.
刑事司法制度遵循一个逐步的公式，从事件到判决。
- Formula: Incident → Police Investigation → CPS review (Full Code Test) → Charge → Magistrates' Court (first hearing) → Crown Court or Magistrates' trial → Verdict → Sentencing
- 公式： 事件 → 警察调查 → 皇家检察署审查（完整代码检验） → 起诉 → 治安法院（首次聆讯） → 刑事法院或治安法院审判 → 判决 → 量刑
The Full Code Test has two parts: (1) Evidential stage: is there enough evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction? (2) Public interest stage: is it in the public interest to prosecute?
完整代码检验有两部分：（1）证据阶段：是否有足够证据有定罪的现实可能？（2）公共利益阶段：起诉是否符合公共利益？
9. Jury Decision Formula | 陪审团裁决公式
In a Crown Court trial, the jury decides the verdict. But there are strict rules for their decision.
在刑事法院审判中，陪审团决定裁决。但对他们的决定有严格规则。
- Formula: imous verdict (all 12) → After 2+ hours deliberation, majority verdict may be accepted (10–2 or 11–1). Never use 9–3 in a full 12-member jury.
- 公式： 一致裁决（全部12人） → 经过2小时以上审议后，可接受多数裁决（10比2或11比1）。在全由12人组成的陪审团中，从不使用9比3。
The judge does not decide guilt (except in rare exceptions). The jury applies the law as directed by the judge to the facts.
法官不决定有罪与否（极少数例外除外）。陪审团根据法官对法律的具体指示将其适用于事实。
10. Sentencing Aims Equation | 量刑目标方程
When a defendant is found guilty, the judge or magistrates impose a sentence. The sentence must achieve at least one of five statutory aims.
当被告被定罪，法官或治安法官处以刑罚。刑罚必须达到五项法定目标中的至少一项。
- Formula: hment, Reduction of crime (deterrence), Reform and rehabilitation, Protection of the public, Reparation}
- 公式： 刑罚 = 从{惩罚、减少犯罪（威慑）、改造与更生、保护公众、赔偿}中选择的目标
Example: a custodial sentence for violent robbery may serve punishment, deterrence, and public protection.
例子：对暴力抢劫判处监禁刑可能服务于惩罚、威慑和公众保护。
11. Human Rights Balance Test | 人权平衡检验
Many rights are not absolute. They can be restricted if necessary in a democratic society. Use this proportional check.
许多权利并非绝对。如果在民主社会中是必要的，它们可以被限制。请使用这一相称性检查。
- Formula: Interference with a right must be (a) prescribed by law, (b) pursue a legitimate aim, (c) necessary and proportionate. If all yes, it may be justified.
- 公式： 对权利的干涉必须（a）由法律规定，（b）追求合法目的，（c）必要且相称。如果全部满足，可能具有正当性。
Example: Freedom of expression may be limited to prevent hate speech or protect national security, but not to silence political dissent without strong justification.
例子：表达自由可被限制以防止仇恨言论或保护国家安全，但不能在没有强有力理由的情况下压制政治异见。
12. Civil vs Criminal Quick Identification | 民事与刑事快速鉴别
Before applying any formula, identify the type of case. Use this checklist.
在应用任何公式之前，先鉴别案件类型。使用该清单。
| Criminal | Civil |
| State prosecutes | Individual/company sues another |
| Aims to punish | Aims to compensate or enforce a right |
| Standard: beyond reasonable doubt | Standard: balance of probabilities |
| Outcome: guilty or not guilty | Outcome: liable or not liable |
| Court: Magistrates' or Crown Court | Court: County Court or High Court |
ishment, beyond reasonable doubt. Civil = private, compensation, balance of probabilities.
记住：刑事 = 国家，惩罚，排除合理怀疑。民事 = 私人，赔偿，盖然性权衡。
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