📚 Year 8 WJEC French: Formulas & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 WJEC 法语:公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook transforms essential Year 8 WJEC French grammar into easy-to-memorise 'formulas' and 'rules'. By treating structures like verb endings, agreement patterns and word order as mathematical equations, you can build accurate sentences with confidence. Keep this guide handy for revision, homework and in-class support.
这本速查手册将 Year 8 WJEC 法语的核心语法转化为容易记忆的“公式”和“定理”。把动词词尾、配合规则和语序当作数学方程来对待,你就能充满信心地造出正确的句子。复习、写作业或上课时,随时查阅这本手册。
1. Gender Rules: Noun 'Formula' | 名词性别“公式”
Most French nouns are either masculine or feminine. While you must learn the article with the noun, certain endings act as a 'gender formula'. For example, nouns ending in -tion or -sion are almost always feminine (la nation, la télévision). Words ending in -age are usually masculine (le fromage, le village). There are exceptions, but these patterns are your first toolkit.
大多数法语名词要么是阳性要么是阴性。虽然必须连同冠词一起记忆,但某些词尾就像一条“性别公式”。例如以 -tion 或 -sion 结尾的名词几乎总是阴性(la nation, la télévision)。以 -age 结尾的单词通常是阳性(le fromage, le village)。虽有例外,但这些规律是你的第一套工具。
Noun ending in -tion / -sion → feminine (la)
名词以 -tion / -sion 结尾 → 阴性 (la)
Noun ending in -age → masculine (le)
名词以 -age 结尾 → 阳性 (le)
- Common feminine endings: -tion, -sion, -té, -ette, -ence, -ance
- 常见阴性词尾:-tion, -sion, -té, -ette, -ence, -ance
- Common masculine endings: -age, -ment, -eau, -isme, -oir
- 常见阳性词尾:-age, -ment, -eau, -isme, -oir
2. Articles: The Definite and Indefinite | 冠词:定冠词与不定冠词
The definite article ('the') changes according to gender and number. The indefinite article ('a/an/some') follows a parallel pattern. Think of this table as your article formula: pick the correct box based on what you want to say.
定冠词(“the”)根据性和数变化。不定冠词(“a/an/some”)遵循类似模式。把这张表当作你的冠词公式:根据你想表达的意思选择正确的方框。
| Definite (the) | Indefinite (a/an/some) | 中文定冠词 | 中文不定冠词 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. sing. | le / l' | un | le / l' | un |
| Fem. sing. | la / l' | une | la / l' | une |
| Plural | les | des | les | des |
Underlined formula: [article] + [noun] must agree in gender and number.
核心公式:[冠词] + [名词] 必须在性和数上保持一致。
- Use l' before a vowel or silent h regardless of gender: l'ami, l'école
- 在元音或哑音 h 前,不论性别都用 l':l'ami, l'école
3. Adjective Agreement Formula | 形容词配合公式
French adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Most adjectives follow a simple add-an-e rule for feminine, and add-s for plural. Position also matters: a small group of BAGS adjectives (Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size) usually come before the noun.
法语形容词必须与所修饰的名词保持性和数一致。大多数形容词遵循加 -e 变阴性、加 -s 变复数的简单规则。位置也很重要:一小部分 BAGS 形容词(Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size)通常放在名词前面。
Adjective feminine formula: masculine form + e → feminine form
形容词阴性公式:阳性形式 + e → 阴性形式
Plural formula: singular form + s (masculine plural) / + es (feminine plural)
复数公式:单数形式 + s(阳性复数)/ + es(阴性复数)
| Masc. sing. | Fem. sing. | Masc. pl. | Fem. pl. | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| petit | petite | petits | petites | small |
| grand | grande | grands | grandes | big/tall |
| bleu | bleue | bleus | bleues | blue |
BAGS adjectives (placed before the noun): beau/belle, vieux/vieille, bon/bonne, grand/grand, petit, jeune, mauvais, joli, etc.
BAGS 形容词(放在名词前):beau/belle, vieux/vieille, bon/bonne, grand/grand, petit, jeune, mauvais, joli 等。
BAGS rule: une belle maison, un bon livre, un petit chien
BAGS 规则:une belle maison, un bon livre, un petit chien
4. Possessive Adjectives: My, Your, His/Her... | 主有形容词:我的、你的、他/她的……
Possessive adjectives in French agree with the noun they modify, not with the owner’s gender. The formula is: choose the form that matches the gender and number of the possessed item. For singular feminine nouns beginning with a vowel, use the masculine form (mon amie) to ease pronunciation.
法语的主有形容词要与所修饰的名词保持一致,而不是与物主的性别。公式是:选择与被拥有物品的性和数相匹配的形式。对于以元音开头的单数阴性名词,使用阳性形式(mon amie)以方便发音。
| English | Masc. sing. | Fem. sing. | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| my | mon | ma | mes |
| your (singular) | ton | ta | tes |
| his/her/its | son | sa | ses |
| our | notre | nos | |
| your (plural/formal) | votre | vos | |
| their | leur | leurs | |
Memory formula: mon + ma + mes → my
记忆公式:mon + ma + mes → 我的
Special case: mon amie (my female friend) uses 'mon' because 'amie' starts with a vowel.
特殊情况:mon amie(我的女性朋友)使用“mon”,因为“amie”以元音开头。
5. Present Tense Verb Conjugation Formulas: -ER Verbs | 现在时动词变位公式:-ER 动词
-ER verbs are the largest family. The conjugation formula is simple: remove the -er to find the stem, then add the appropriate ending. This pattern applies to thousands of verbs like parler (to speak), aimer (to like), habiter (to live).
-ER 动词是最大的家族。变位公式很简单:去掉 -er 得到词干,然后加上相应的词尾。这个模式适用于数千个动词,如 parler(说)、aimer(喜欢)、habiter(居住)。
Formula: [stem] + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent
公式:[词干] + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent
| Pronoun | Parler (stem: parl-) | Aimer (stem: aim-) |
|---|---|---|
| je | parle | aime |
| tu | parles | aimes |
| il/elle/on | parle | aime |
| nous | parlons | aimons |
| vous | parlez | aimez |
| ils/elles | parlent | aiment |
6. Present Tense: -IR and -RE Verbs | 现在时:-IR 与 -RE 动词
The second and third conjugation families have their own ending formulas. Regular -IR verbs like finir (to finish) follow an -iss- pattern in the plural. Regular -RE verbs like vendre (to sell) drop the -re and add -s, -s, nothing, -ons, -ez, -ent.
第二和第三变位家族有自己的词尾公式。规则 -IR 动词如 finir(完成)在复数形式中遵循 -iss- 模式。规则 -RE 动词如 vendre(卖)去掉 -re,然后加上 -s, -s, 无, -ons, -ez, -ent。
-IR formula: [stem] + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
-IR 公式:[词干] + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
-RE formula: [stem] + -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent
-RE 公式:[词干] + -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent
| Finir (stem: fin-) | Vendre (stem: vend-) | |
|---|---|---|
| je | finis | vends |
| tu | finis | vends |
| il/elle | finit | vend |
| nous | finissons | vendons |
| vous | finissez | vendez |
| ils/elles | finissent | vendent |
7. Key Irregular Verbs: Avoir, Être, Aller, Faire | 重要不规则动词:Avoir, Être, Aller, Faire
These four verbs are the building blocks of everyday French. They do not follow regular formulas, so learn them by heart. They are used as main verbs and also as auxiliaries for forming other tenses.
这四个动词是日常法语的基础模块。它们不遵循规则公式,所以要熟记于心。它们既可用作主动词,也可用作构成其他时态的助动词。
| Subject | avoir (to have) | être (to be) | aller (to go) | faire (to do/make) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | ai | suis | vais | fais |
| tu | as | es | vas | fais |
| il/elle/on | a | est | va | fait |
| nous | avons | sommes | allons | faisons |
| vous | avez | êtes | allez | faites |
| ils/elles | ont | sont | vont | font |
Survival formula: connaître avoir + être + aller + faire = base 80% of spoken French
生存公式:掌握 avoir + être + aller + faire = 占法语口语基础的 80%
8. Negation Formula: ne ... pas | 否定式公式:ne ... pas
To make a sentence negative in French, wrap the conjugated verb with ne (before) and pas (after). The formula is: subject + ne + verb + pas + rest of sentence. Remember that ne becomes n' before a vowel or silent h.
要把法语句子变为否定式,用 ne(在动词前)和 pas(在动词后)将变位动词包围起来。公式是:主语 + ne + 动词 + pas + 句子其余部分。记住,ne 在元音或哑音 h 前变成 n'。
Affirmative: Je parle français. → Negative: Je ne parle
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