📚 Year 8 CIE Art: Formulae and Theorems Quick Reference Guide | Year 8 CIE 艺术：公式定理速查手册
In art, just as in mathematics or science, certain "formulas" and "theorems" can help you create work that is visually balanced, realistic, and compelling. This quick reference handbook gathers the essential colour equations, perspective laws, composition rules, proportion systems, and shading principles every Year 8 CIE Art student needs. Think of them as your visual problem-solving toolkit — learn them, apply them, then feel free to break them creatively.
在艺术中，就像在数学或科学中一样，一些特定的“公式”和“定理”可以帮助你创作出视觉平衡、真实且引人入胜的作品。这本速查手册汇集了每位Year 8 CIE艺术学生所需的色彩方程、透视定律、构图法则、比例系统和明暗原理。把它们当作你的视觉问题解决工具包——先学会，再应用，然后尽情地创意突破。
1. The Colour Wheel Formula | 色轮公式
The colour wheel is the most basic visual formula for understanding colour relationships. It is built from three primary colours — red, yellow, and blue — which cannot be created by mixing. When you mix two primaries, you get a secondary colour. Mixing a primary with a neighbouring secondary produces a tertiary colour.
色轮是理解色彩关系最基本的视觉公式。它由三种无法通过混合调配出的原色——红、黄、蓝——构成。当你混合两种原色时，会得到一种二次色。将原色与相邻的二次色混合，则产生三次色。
Primary + Primary = Secondary
原色 + 原色 = 二次色
| Red + Yellow = Orange | 红 + 黄 = 橙 |
| Yellow + Blue = Green | 黄 + 蓝 = 绿 |
| Blue + Red = Violet | 蓝 + 红 = 紫 |
2. Colour Mixing: Tints, Shades and Tones | 色彩混合：色光、阴影与色调
Beyond mixing hues, you can alter a colour's value and intensity using these simple equations. A tint is made by adding white to a pure hue, making it lighter. A shade is created by adding black, darkening the colour. A tone results from adding grey (black + white) to a hue, reducing its saturation.
除了混合色相，你还可以用以下简单公式改变颜色的明度和纯度。色光（tint）是向纯色中加入白色，使其变浅；阴影（shade）是加入黑色，使其变暗；色调（tone）是加入灰色（黑+白），降低饱和度。
Hue + White = Tint
色相 + 白 = 色光
Hue + Black = Shade
色相 + 黑 = 阴影
Hue + Grey = Tone
色相 + 灰 = 色调
3. Complementary & Analogous Colour Rules | 互补色与类似色法则
Complementary colours sit opposite each other on the colour wheel. When placed side by side, they create maximum contrast and make each other appear more vibrant. Analogous colours are neighbours on the wheel and produce harmonious, soothing combinations.
互补色在色轮上彼此相对。当并置时，它们产生最强对比，使彼此显得更加鲜明。类似色是色轮上相邻的颜色，能产生和谐、舒缓的搭配。
