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French Grammar Quick Reference Handbook | 法语语法速查手册

2026-07-17 18:43 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 French Grammar Quick Reference Handbook | 法语语法速查手册

This guide brings together the essential grammatical structures and 'formulas' that Year 8 learners following the CIE French curriculum need to internalise. Think of each section as a clear, repeatable pattern – just like a formula in mathematics, but for building correct French sentences. From subject pronouns to verb tenses and question forms, each rule is presented in a simple, bilingual format so you can quickly check, revise and apply the patterns with confidence.

本手册整理了 CIE 法语课程 Year 8 阶段必须掌握的核心语法结构和“公式”。每个版块就像数学里的公式一样,是清晰可复用的语言模式,帮助你准确搭建法语句子。从主语代词、动词时态到疑问句结构,所有规则都以简洁的双语对照呈现,方便你随时查阅、复习并自信地运用。

1. Subject Pronouns | 主语代词

Subject pronouns are the foundation of every French sentence. They tell you who is performing the action and must always be present in front of the conjugated verb. The familiar 'tu' is used with friends and classmates, while 'vous' is both plural and formal singular.

主语代词是每个法语句子的基础,它们表明动作的执行者,并且必须始终出现在变位动词之前。熟悉的 'tu' 用于朋友和同学之间,而 'vous' 既是复数形式,也是单数的尊称形式。

PronounEnglishPronounEnglish
jeInouswe
tuyou (informal)vousyou (plural/formal)
ilhe / it (m.)ilsthey (m./mixed)
elleshe / it (f.)ellesthey (f.)
onone / we / people

Note that 'on' often replaces 'nous' in spoken French and always takes the same verb form as 'il' or 'elle'. Always match the verb ending to the subject: je parle, tu parles, il parle, etc.

请注意,口语中 'on' 常替代 'nous',并且动词形式始终与 'il' 或 'elle' 相同。务必让动词词尾与主语保持一致:je parle, tu parles, il parle 等。


2. Articles: Definite, Indefinite and Partitive | 冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和部分冠词

French articles agree in gender and number with the noun they introduce. The definite articles (le, la, l', les) refer to specific items, while indefinite articles (un, une, des) refer to non-specific items. Partitive articles (du, de la, de l', des) express an unspecified quantity, often translated as 'some' or 'any'.

法语冠词必须与所修饰的名词保持性数一致。定冠词 (le, la, l', les) 指特定事物,不定冠词 (un, une, des) 指非特定事物。部分冠词 (du, de la, de l', des) 表示不确切的量,常翻译为“一些”或表示不可数名词。

TypeMasculineFeminineBefore Vowel/HPlural
Indefiniteununeun / unedes
Definitelelal'les
Partitivedude lade l'des

For example: un livre (a book), la porte (the door), de l'eau (some water), des amis (some friends). After a negative, indefinite and partitive articles change to 'de' or 'd’': je n'ai pas de stylo.

例如:un livre(一本书),la porte(那扇门),de l'eau(一些水),des amis(一些朋友)。在否定句中,不定冠词和部分冠词要变为 'de' 或 'd’':je n'ai pas de stylo(我没有笔)。


3. Gender and Number of Nouns | 名词的性和数

Every French noun is either masculine or feminine, and this gender affects articles, adjectives and pronouns. Many masculine nouns end in -eur, -eau, -ment, while feminine nouns often end in -tion, -té, -euse, -ence. However, memorising the article alongside the noun is the safest strategy. Plurals are generally formed by adding -s, but nouns ending in -eau or -eu add -x, and many -al endings become -aux.

每个法语名词要么是阳性,要么是阴性,这种性属会影响冠词、形容词和代词。很多阳性名词以 -eur, -eau, -ment 结尾,阴性名词常以 -tion, -té, -euse, -ence 结尾。但最保险的方法还是连同冠词一起记忆。复数通常在词尾加 -s,但以 -eau 或 -eu 结尾的名词加 -x,许多以 -al 结尾的名词变为 -aux。

un cadeau → des cadeaux | le cheval → les chevaux | une voix → des voix (already ends in -x)

un cadeau → des cadeaux(礼物)| le cheval → les chevaux(马)| une voix → des voix(声音,已以 -x 结尾)

Some words are always plural, such as les vacances (holidays) and les ciseaux (scissors). Always check the singular form when looking up a new noun and practice noun + article together: la table, l'ordinateur, une idée.

有些词总是以复数形式出现,如 les vacances(假期)和 les ciseaux(剪刀)。查新名词时务必要看单数形式,并养成将名词与冠词一起练习的习惯:la table, l'ordinateur, une idée。


4. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词的性数配合与位置

Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the noun they describe. Regular adjectives add an -e for the feminine, -s for the masculine plural, and -es for the feminine plural. Most French adjectives are placed after the noun, but a short list of common adjectives (beauty, age, goodness, size – BAGS) come before the noun.

形容词必须与所修饰的名词保持性和数一致。规则形容词的阴性加 -e,阳性复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。大多数法语形容词放在名词之后,但少数常用形容词(美丽、年龄、好坏、大小——简称 BAGS)需放在名词之前。

AdjectiveMasc. Sing.Fem. Sing.Masc. Pl.Fem. Pl.
petit (small)petitpetitepetitspetites
grand (big/tall)grandgrandegrandsgrandes
bon (good)bonbonnebonsbonnes
beau (beautiful)beau (bel)bellebeauxbelles
vieux (old)vieux (vieil)vieillevieuxvieilles

Example sentences: une maison blanche (a white house – adjective after), un beau jardin (a beautiful garden – BAGS before). Adjectives of colour generally follow the noun, but they must still agree: des chaussures noires.

例句:une maison blanche(一栋白色的房子,形容词在后),un beau jardin(一个美丽的花园,BAGS 词在前)。颜色形容词通常放在名词后,但仍需配合:des chaussures noires(黑色的鞋子)。


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5. Present Tense: Regular -er Verbs | 现在时:规则 -er 动词

More than 80% of French verbs follow the -er pattern. To conjugate, remove the -er and add the endings: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. The final -ent is silent in speech. This tense expresses habitual actions, general truths, and actions happening right now.

超过80%的法语动词属于 -er 规则变化。变位时,去掉词尾 -er,然后加上相应的词尾:-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。在口语中词尾 -ent 不发音。这个时态用来表达习惯性动作、普遍事实以及正在发生的动作。

parler (to speak)

je parleI speaknous parlonswe speak
tu parlesyou speakvous parlezyou speak
il/elle/on parlehe/she/one speaksils/elles parlentthey speak

Common -er verbs include aimer (to like/love), habiter (to live), écouter (to listen), jouer (to play). Remember to add negation by placing ne … pas around the verb: je ne parle pas français.

常见的 -er 动词有 aimer(喜欢/爱)、habiter(居住)、écouter(听)、jouer(玩耍)。记住否定时要将 ne … pas 放在动词两边:je ne parle pas français(我不会说法语)。


6. Present Tense: Regular -ir and -re Verbs | 现在时:规则 -ir 和 -re 动词

Two smaller but important verb families follow the -ir and -re patterns. Many -ir verbs like finir have an -iss- infix in the plural forms. Regular -re verbs like vendre keep the stem and add -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent.

另外两类虽小但重要的动词家族遵循 -ir 和 -re 变位模式。许多 -ir 动词如 finir 在复数人称中会加入 -iss- 中缀。规则 -re 动词如 vendre 保留词干并添加 -s, -s, -(空), -ons, -ez, -ent。

finir (to finish) : je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent

finir(完成):je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent

vendre (to sell) : je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent

vendre(卖):je vends, tu vends, il vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils vendent

Other -ir verbs using the -iss- pattern: choisir (to choose), réussir (to succeed). Note that the third person singular of -re verbs often drops the ending entirely, so 'il vend' has no extra letter.

其他使用 -iss- 模式的 -ir 动词有:choisir(选择)、réussir(成功)。注意 -re 动词的第三人称单数常常完全没有词尾,因此 'il vend' 没有额外字母。


7. Key Irregular Verbs: être, avoir, aller, faire | 重要不规则动词

These four verbs are the engines of many grammatical constructions. They must be memorised early because they are used in compound tenses (passé composé), for age, possession, and hundreds of idiomatic expressions.

这四个动词是大量语法结构的核心引擎,必须尽早熟练记忆,因为它们用于复合时态(passé composé)、表达年龄、拥有以及数百个习惯用语。

Subjectêtre (to be)avoir (to have)aller (to go)faire (to do/make)
jesuisaivaisfais
tuesasvasfais
il/elle/onestavafait
noussommesavonsallonsfaisons
vousêtesavezallezfaites
ils/ellessontontvontfont

Key formulas: J'ai douze ans (I am 12 years old), Je suis anglais (I am English), Je vais au collège (I go to school), Je fais mes devoirs (I do my homework). When used as auxiliary verbs, être and avoir form the passé composé – but that is a story for a later stage.

关键公式:J'ai douze ans(我十二岁),Je suis anglais(我是英国人),Je vais au collège(我去上学),Je fais mes devoirs(我做作业)。当作助动词使用时,être 和 avoir 构成复合过去时——这是后续阶段的内容。


8. Negation: ne … pas and Variants | 否定结构:ne … pas 及其变体

The basic negation formula places ne before the conjugated verb and pas after it. If the verb begins with a vowel or silent h, ne becomes n'. In spoken French, the ne is often dropped, but in written CIE tasks you should always include it.

最基本的否定公式是将 ne 放在变位动词之前,pas 放在动词之后。如果动词以元音或不发音的 h 开头,ne 要缩写为 n'。口语中常省略 ne,但在 CIE 书面任务中务必保留。

Je ne regarde pas la télé. (I do not watch TV.)

Je ne regarde pas la télé.(我不看电视。)

Other negative expressions work with the same sandwich structure: ne … jamais (never), ne … plus (no longer), ne … rien (nothing), ne … personne (nobody). Position remains: je ne mange jamais de viande. With ne … personne, the word personne goes after the verb or participle: je ne vois personne.

其他否定短语也使用同样的夹心结构:ne … jamais(从不),ne … plus(不再),ne … rien(没有什么),ne … personne(没有人)。位置不变:je ne mange jamais de viande(我从不吃肉)。对于 ne … personne,personne 放在动词或分词之后:je ne vois personne(我谁也没看见)。


9. Forming Questions | 构成疑问句

Year 8 learners should be comfortable with three main ways to ask questions in French: raising intonation, using est-ce que, and inversion. The simplest is to keep the statement order and let your voice rise at the end. Est-ce que signals a question and keeps normal word order. Inversion is more formal but appears in reading and writing.

Year 8 学生应当熟练掌握法语提问的三种主要方式:通过语调上扬、使用 est-ce que 以及主谓倒装。最简单的方法是保持陈述句语序,只让句末语调上扬。Est-ce que 是疑问标志,后接正常语序。主谓倒装较为正式,但会出现在阅读和写作中。

Tu aimes le football ? (informal intonation)

Tu aimes le football ?(非正式语调上扬)

Est-ce que tu aimes le football ? (neutral / written)

Est-ce que tu aimes le football ?(中性/书面)

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Published by TutorHao | Year 8 法语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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