📚 Year 8 CIE Computer Science: Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | Year 8 CIE 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terms is the first step to excelling in Year 8 CIE Computer Science. This guide breaks down essential vocabulary into bite-sized, paired explanations with simple memory tricks, helping you recall definitions quickly and accurately for both written papers and practical tasks.
掌握关键术语是在 Year 8 CIE 计算机科学中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南将基本词汇分解为成对解释并配有简单记忆技巧，帮助你为书面考试和实际操作任务快速准确地回忆定义。
1. Hardware and Software | 硬件与软件
Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer you can touch, such as the keyboard, monitor, motherboard, and CPU (Central Processing Unit).
硬件指你可以触摸到的计算机物理部件，例如键盘、显示器、主板和 CPU（中央处理器）。
Software is a set of instructions, also called programs, that tells the hardware what to do; examples include word processors, web browsers, and operating systems.
软件是一组指令，也称为程序，它告诉硬件要做什么；示例包括文字处理软件、网页浏览器和操作系统。
Memory trick: 'Hardware hurts your hands' (physical) and 'Software stays in your sight' (virtual).
记忆技巧：'Hardware 伤手'（物理的）而 'Software 在眼前'（虚拟的）。
Firmware is a special type of software stored permanently on hardware chips, like BIOS that starts up a computer.
固件是一种永久存储在硬件芯片上的特殊软件，比如启动计算机的 BIOS。
2. Input, Output and Storage Devices | 输入、输出与存储设备
An input device sends data to the computer; typical examples are a mouse, microphone, keyboard, and touchscreen.
输入设备将数据发送到计算机；典型例子有鼠标、麦克风、键盘和触摸屏。
An output device receives data from the computer and presents it to the user; monitors, printers, and speakers are all output devices.
输出设备从计算机接收数据并呈现给用户；显示器、打印机和扬声器都是输出设备。
Secondary storage is non-volatile memory that keeps data when the power is off; hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), and USB flash drives are common examples.
辅助存储器是断电后仍能保存数据的非易失性存储器；硬盘驱动器 (HDD)、固态驱动器 (SSD) 和 USB 闪存驱动器是常见例子。
Use the phrase 'IO-S' (Input, Output, Storage) to group device types quickly: Input puts IN, Output goes OUT, Storage SAVES.
使用短语 'IO-S'（输入、输出、存储）快速归类设备类型：输入进 IN，输出出 OUT，存储保存 SAVES。
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) | 中央处理器 (CPU)
The CPU is often called the 'brain' of the computer; it executes instructions and processes data.
CPU 常被称为计算机的“大脑”；它执行指令并处理数据。
It consists of three main parts: the Control Unit (CU) which directs operations, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which performs calculations and logical comparisons, and registers which are tiny, super-fast memory locations.
它由三个主要部分组成：指导操作的控制单元 (CU)、执行计算和逻辑比较的算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 以及作为微小超快存储位置的寄存器。
Think of a chef: CU is the head chef giving orders, ALU is the sous-chef chopping and mixing, and registers are the little bowls holding ingredients right now.
想象一位厨师：CU 是发号施令的主厨，ALU 是切菜搅拌的副主厨，寄存器是当下盛放食材的小碗。
The clock speed, measured in hertz (Hz), tells how many instruction cycles the CPU can perform per second; a faster clock means more work done.
时钟速度以赫兹 (Hz) 衡量，表示 CPU 每秒可执行多少个指令周期；时钟越快，完成的工作越多。
4. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Computers use binary, a number system with only two digits: 0 and 1. Each binary digit is called a bit.
计算机使用二进制，一种只有两个数字 0 和 1 的计数系统。每个二进制数字称为一个比特。
Eight bits grouped together form a byte, which can represent one character like 'A' or '7' in ASCII code.
八个比特组合在一起构成一个字节，可以表示一个字符，如 ASCII 码中的 'A' 或 '7'。
(TB) ≈ 1000 GB. (Often approximated as 1024 in computing but CIE uses decimal multiples.)
更大单位：1 千字节 (KB) ≈ 1000 字节，1 兆字节 (MB) ≈ 1000 KB，1 吉字节 (GB) ≈ 1000 MB，1 太字节 (TB) ≈ 1000 GB。（计算中常用 1024，但 CIE 使用十进制倍数。）
A simple conversion: each bit position carries a weight doubling from right to left — 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128. Add them up to find the decimal number.
简单转换：每个比特位从右向左权重加倍 — 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128。把它们加起来得到十进制数字。
5. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem, like a recipe for baking a cake. It must be precise and finite.
算法是解决问题的分步过程，就像烤蛋糕的食谱。它必须精确且有限。
A flowchart visualizes an algorithm using standard symbols: oval for start/end, rectangle for a process, parallelogram for input/output, diamond for a decision, and arrows showing flow direction.
流程图使用标准符号可视化算法：椭圆形表示开始/结束，矩形表示处理过程，平行四边形表示输入/输出，菱形表示决策，箭头显示流向。
Pseudocode is a simplified, human-readable way to write algorithms using common words like 'IF', 'THEN', 'WHILE', making it easy to translate into code later.
伪代码是一种简化的、人类可读的算法编写方式，使用像 'IF'、'THEN'、'WHILE' 这样的常见词，便于以后转换为代码。
= Actions in order, Flowcharts = Figures showing flow, Pseudocode = Plain language script.
记忆助手：算法 = 顺序行动，流程图 = 显示流程的图形，伪代码 = 简明语言脚本。
6. Programming Concepts: Sequence, Selection, Iteration | 编程概念：顺序、选择、迭代
Sequence means instructions are executed one after another, in the exact order written, top to bottom. Every program uses sequence.
顺序意味着指令按照编写的确切顺序，自上而下一条接一条执行。每个程序都使用顺序。
Selection allows the program to make decisions. The most common selection statement is 'IF... ELSE', where different blocks run depending on whether a condition is true or false.
选择允许程序做出决策。最常见的选择语句是 'IF... ELSE'，根据条件为真或假运行不同的块。
Iteration, or looping, repeats a block of code. 'FOR' loops repeat a set number of times, while 'WHILE' loops repeat as long as a condition remains true.
迭代或循环重复一段代码。'FOR' 循环重复固定次数，而 'WHILE' 循环只要条件为真就一直重复。
Think of a traffic light: sequence is green-yellow-red in order; selection is 'if emergency vehicle, turn green'; iteration is the cycle repeating endlessly.
想象一个交通灯：顺序是绿-黄-红依次进行；选择是 '如果紧急车辆，则变绿'；迭代是循环不断重复。
7. Variables, Constants and Data Types | 变量、常量与数据类型
hose value can change while a program runs; for example, score = 10 then later score = 20.
变量是内存中命名的存储位置，其值在程序运行时可以改变；例如，score = 10 然后 later score = 20。
changed after it is set; it is useful for fixed numbers like pi = 3.14 or MAX_MARKS = 100.
常量类似，但它的值在设定后不能更改；对于固定的数字如 pi = 3.14 或 MAX_MARKS = 100 很有用。
Common data types include: integer (whole numbers), float/real (numbers with a decimal point), string (text), Boolean (True/False), and character (single letter/symbol).
常见数据类型包括：整型（整数）、浮点型/实型（带小数点的数字）、字符串（文本）、布尔型（真/假）和字符型（单个字母/符号）。
Label variables like boxes with names: integer box holds 42, string box holds 'Hello', Boolean box is a switch only ON or OFF.
将变量标记为带有名称的盒子：整型盒子装 42，字符串盒子装 'Hello'，布尔型盒子是只能开或关的开关。
8. Memory: RAM and ROM | 存储器：RAM 与 ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is volatile primary storage; it holds data and programs currently in use while the computer is on, but loses everything when power is turned off.
随机存取存储器 (RAM) 是易失性主存储器；它在计算机开机时保存正在使用的数据和程序，但断电后会丢失一切。
Read Only Memory (ROM) is non-volatile; it stores the boot-up firmware (like BIOS) and retains its contents without power.
只读存储器 (ROM) 是非易失性的；它存储启动固件（如 BIOS），并在没有电源的情况下保留其内容。
A simple analogy: RAM is like a workbench you clear after a project; ROM is the instruction manual kept forever in the toolbox.
一个简单类比：RAM 就像你在项目结束后清理的工作台；ROM 是永远保存在工具箱中的说明书。
Cache memory is a tiny, ultra-fast RAM sitting between the CPU and main RAM, storing frequently used instructions to speed up processing.
高速缓存是一种极小的超快 RAM，位于 CPU 和主存之间，存储常用指令以加速处理。
9. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A network is two or more computers connected together to share resources, like files or printers. The internet is a global network of networks.
网络是两台或多台计算机连接在一起以共享资源（如文件或打印机）。互联网是网络的全球网络。
Hardware devices for networking: NIC (Network Interface Card) connects a computer to a network; a switch sends data only to the intended device; a router connects different networks and directs traffic.
网络硬件设备：NIC（网络接口卡）将计算机连接到网络；交换机仅将数据发送到目标设备；路由器连接不同网络并引导流量。
IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, like a postal address for data packets. IPv4 uses 4 numbers separated by dots, e.g., 192.168.1.10.
IP 地址是分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签，就像数据包的邮政地址。IPv4 使用由点分隔的 4 个数字，例如 192.168.1.10。
The client-server model: a server provides services (web pages, file storage), and clients request those services. Your browser is a client asking a web server for a page.
客户端-服务器模型：服务器提供服务（网页、文件存储），客户端请求这些服务。你的浏览器是向 web 服务器请求页面的客户端。
10. Keeping Data Safe: Encryption and Security | 数据安全：加密与安全
Encryption scrambles data into an unreadable form using an algorithm and a key; only someone with the correct key can decrypt it back into plaintext.
加密使用算法和密钥将数据搅乱成不可读的形式；只有拥有正确密钥的人才能将其解密回明文。
A password is a secret string used for authentication; strong passwords mix uppercase, lowercase, digits, and symbols to resist guessing.
密码是用于身份验证的秘密字符串；强密码混合大写字母、小写字母、数字和符号以抵抗猜测。
Malware is malicious software, including viruses (which spread by attaching to files), worms (self-replicating), and Trojan horses (disguised as legitimate programs).
恶意软件是恶意软件，包括病毒（通过附加到文件传播）、蠕虫（自我复制）和特洛伊木马（伪装成合法程序）。
Phishing is a scam where attackers send fake emails or messages pretending to be trusted sources to trick you into revealing personal data.
网络钓鱼是一种骗局，攻击者发送伪装成可信来源的虚假电子邮件或消息，诱骗你泄露个人数据。
Firewall acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, filtering incoming and outgoing traffic based on rules.
防火墙充当可信内部网络与不可信外部网络之间的屏障，根据规则过滤进出流量。
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