📚 Year 8 WJEC Physics: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Memorization Guide | 八年级 WJEC 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key physics vocabulary is the first step to understanding how the universe works. This guide breaks down the essential terms you'll meet in Year 8 WJEC Physics, pairing each one with simple explanations and memory tricks to make revision effective and even fun. Whether you're learning about energy stores or circuit components, these bite-sized definitions will help you recall the right words under exam pressure.
掌握物理关键词汇是理解宇宙运行原理的第一步。本指南将八年级 WJEC 物理中你一定会遇到的核心术语逐一拆解，每个词都配有简明解释和记忆诀窍，让复习既高效又有趣。无论是能量储存还是电路元件，这些短小精悍的定义都能帮你在考试时准确想起正确的术语。
1. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Kinetic energy store – the energy an object has because it is moving. The faster it moves and the more mass it has, the greater this store. Remember 'k' for 'kinetic' links to 'kicking'; you kick a ball to send it flying – its motion stores kinetic energy.
动能储存（kinetic energy store）——物体由于运动而具有的能量。速度越快、质量越大，动能就越多。可以联想 'k' 开头的 'kick'（踢），你踢球让它飞起来，它的运动就储存了动能。
Gravitational potential energy store – energy stored because of an object's height above the ground. The higher the object and the greater its mass, the more energy is stored here. 'Potential' means it has the potential to fall under gravity.
重力势能储存（gravitational potential energy store）——因物体高于地面而储存的能量。物体位置越高、质量越大，储存的能量就越多。'potential' 意为有下落的潜能，与重力相关。
Chemical energy store – energy locked inside fuels, food and batteries, released during chemical reactions. Think of a chocolate bar: you eat it and the chemicals in it give your body energy to run and think.
化学能储存（chemical energy store）——储存在燃料、食物和电池中的能量，在化学反应中释放。想象一根巧克力棒：吃下后其中的化学物质为你的身体提供奔跑和思考的能量。
Thermal energy store – the total kinetic energy of all the particles inside a substance. Hotter objects have particles vibrating faster, so their thermal store is larger. All objects above absolute zero have some thermal energy.
热能储存（thermal energy store）——物体内所有粒子动能的总和。温度越高，粒子振动越快，热能储存就越大。所有温度高于绝对零度的物体都具有热能。
Energy transfer – the movement of energy from one store to another. This can happen by heating, by mechanical work (forces moving something), by electrical working (charges moving), or by radiation (light or sound waves). A toaster transfers electrical energy to thermal energy by heating.
能量转移（energy transfer）——能量从一个储存转移到另一个储存的过程。可以通过加热、机械做功（力移动物体）、电做功（电荷移动）或辐射（光或声波）实现。烤面包机通过加热把电能转移为热能。
Conservation of energy – a fundamental law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores or transformed into different forms. The total energy of the Universe remains constant. When you burn fuel, chemical energy becomes thermal and light – it doesn't vanish.
能量守恒（conservation of energy）——一条基本定律：能量既不能凭空产生也不会消灭，只能在储存之间转移或转化为不同形式。宇宙的总能量保持不变。你燃烧燃料时，化学能变成热能和光能，并没有消失。
Dissipation – energy that spreads out into the surroundings and becomes harder to use, usually as thermal energy. In any transfer, some energy is always dissipated. A laptop feels warm because some electrical energy is dissipated as heat into the air.
耗散（dissipation）——能量扩散到周围环境、变得难以利用的过程，通常以热能形式出现。任何转移总会伴随能量耗散。笔记本电脑发热是因为部分电能以热的形式耗散到空气中。
Efficiency – a way to measure how good a device is at transferring energy usefully. It compares useful output energy to total input energy. A high-efficiency lamp converts most electrical energy into light, wasting very little as heat. A low-efficiency device wastes more energy.
效率（efficiency）——衡量设备把能量转化为有用输出有多好的指标。比较有用输出能量与总输入能量。高效率的灯具把大部分电能转为光，极少浪费为热；低效率的设备则会浪费更多能量。
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force – a push or a pull that can change an object's speed, shape or direction. It is measured in newtons (N). A force can be a contact force (like friction) or a non-contact force (like gravity). Use the phrase 'a force can make you move' to remember it causes changes.
力（force）——能改变物体速度、形状或方向的推或拉。单位是牛顿（N）。力可以是接触力（如摩擦力）或非接触力（如重力）。用“力让你动起来”来帮助记忆它能引起变化。
Newton – the unit of force. One newton is roughly the weight of a small apple. If you push an object with a force of 1 N, you're giving a gentle nudge. Named after Sir Isaac Newton, who described the laws of motion.
牛顿（newton）——力的单位。1 牛顿大约相当于一个小苹果的重量。如果你用 1 N 的力推物体，那就是轻轻一推。以艾萨克·牛顿爵士命名，他描述了运动定律。
Balanced forces – when forces on an object are equal in size and opposite in direction. They cancel each other out, so the object stays still or moves at a steady speed. A book resting on a table has balanced gravity and normal reaction forces.
平衡力（balanced forces）——作用在物体上的力大小相等、方向相反。它们相互抵消，物体就保持静止或匀速运动。放在桌上的书受到的重力和支持力就相互平衡。
Friction – a contact force that opposes motion between two surfaces sliding past each other. It slows things down and causes wear. Rough surfaces create more friction than smooth ones. Ice is slippery because friction is very low. Remember 'friction resists slipping'.
摩擦力（friction）——阻碍两个表面相互滑动的接触力。它使物体减速并造成磨损。粗糙表面比光滑表面产生更大的摩擦力。冰很滑因为摩擦力极低。记住“摩擦抵抗滑动”。
Gravity – a non-contact force of attraction between all objects with mass. On Earth, gravity pulls everything towards the centre of the planet. It is what gives us weight and keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth. The larger the masses, the stronger the gravitational pull.
重力（gravity）——任何有质量的物体之间都存在的非接触吸引力。在地球上，重力将万物拉向地心。它赋予我们重量，并使月球绕地球运行。物体的质量越大，万有引力越强。
Mass vs weight – mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg), and never changes. Weight is the force of gravity on that mass, measured in newtons (N), and changes with location. On the Moon your mass stays the same but weigh only about 1/6 of your Earth weight.
质量与重量（mass vs weight）——质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克（kg），永不改变。重量是作用在该质量上的重力，单位是牛顿（N），会随位置变化。在月球上你的质量不变，但重量只有地球上的约六分之一。
Speed – how fast an object is moving, the distance travelled in a certain time. It is usually measured in metres per second (m/s). The formula to calculate average speed is:
速度（speed）——物体运动的快慢，指一定时间内移动的距离。通常用米/秒（m/s）表示。计算平均速度的公式为：
speed = distance ÷ time
For example, if you run 100 m in 20 s, your speed is 5 m/s. 'Speed is how far you go in a tick of the clock' can help you remember the relationship.
例如，如果你 20 秒跑了 100 米，速度就是 5 m/s。“速度就是时钟滴答间你走了多远”能帮你记住这个关系。
3. Electrical Circuits | 电路
Current – the flow of electric charge (usually electrons) around a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A) and tells you how much charge passes a point per second. Think of current like the flow of water in a pipe; more current means more electrons moving.
电流（current）——电荷（通常为电子）在电路中的流动。单位是安培（A），表示每秒通过某点的电荷量。可以把电流想象成水管里的水流；电流越大，移动的电子就越多。
Voltage – also called potential difference, it is the 'push' that drives current around a circuit. Measured in volts (V), it is provided by a cell or battery. If current is like water flow, voltage is the pressure forcing it through the pipes. More voltage, greater push.
电压（voltage）——又称电位差，是推动电流在电路中流动的“推力”。单位是伏特（V），由电池提供。若把电流比作水流，电压就是迫使水流动的压力。电压越大，推力越强。
Resistance – how much a component resists or slows down the flow of current. It is measured in ohms (Ω). Wires have low resistance; a thin, long wire or a lamp filament has higher resistance. High resistance reduces current if voltage is fixed.
电阻（resistance）——元件对电流阻碍作用的大小。单位是欧姆（Ω）。导线的电阻很低；细长的导线或灯泡灯丝的电阻较高。电压固定时，高电阻会使电流减小。
Series circuit – a circuit where all components are connected end to end in a single loop. The same current flows through every part. If one bulb breaks, the whole circuit stops because the loop is broken. Christmas tree lights often use series circuits (but many now use parallel).
串联电路（series circuit）——所有元件首尾相连形成单一环路的电路。各处电流相同。如果一只灯泡损坏，整个电路就会断开而停止工作。圣诞彩灯常用串联电路（但现代很多改用并联）。
Parallel circuit – a circuit where components are connected on separate branches. Each branch gets the full voltage from the battery. If one bulb blows, the others stay lit because the current can still flow through other paths. Household wiring uses parallel circuits for safety and convenience.
并联电路（parallel circuit）——各元件连接在独立支路上的电路。每条支路都能获得电池的全部电压。一个灯泡坏了，其他灯仍亮，因为电流仍可通过其他路径流通。家庭电路采用并联以保证安全和便利。
Conductor and insulator – a conductor allows electric current to flow through it easily (e.g. copper, aluminium). An insulator blocks the flow of current (e.g. plastic, rubber). Use copper for wiring and plastic for coatings. 'Conductor conducts, insulator isolates' helps recall which does what.
导体与绝缘体（conductor and insulator）——导体容易让电流通过（如铜、铝），绝缘体则阻碍电流（如塑料、橡胶）。电线用铜，外皮用塑料。“导体导电，绝缘隔绝”能帮你区分。
Ammeter and voltmeter – an ammeter measures current and must be connected in series with the component. A voltmeter measures voltage and is connected in parallel across the component. Simply put: ammeter - series, voltmeter - parallel. Recall 'A in series, V in parallel' as a quick mnemonic.
电流表与电压表（ammeter and voltmeter）——电流表测电流，必须串联在元件电路中；电压表测电压，并联在元件两端。简单记作“电流串联，电压并联”。用"A串 V并"这个口诀可以快速回忆。
4. Waves and Sound | 波与声音
Longitudinal wave – a wave where the particles vibrate back and forth along the same direction as the wave travels. Sound waves are longitudinal. Imagine pushing a slinky spring: compressions and rarefactions move along the spring. Sound travels by squashing and stretching the air particles.
纵波（longitudinal wave）——粒子振动方向与波传播方向相同的波。声波就是纵波。想象推动一个弹簧玩具，疏密相间的部分沿弹簧传播。声音通过挤压和拉伸空气粒子来传播。
Transverse wave – a wave where the particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of wave travel. Ripples on water and light waves are transverse. Think of a rope shaken up and down: the wave moves horizontally, but the rope moves vertically.
横波（transverse wave）——粒子振动方向与波传播方向垂直的波。水波和光波都是横波。想象上下抖动一根绳子：波水平前进，绳子却上下振动。
Amplitude – the maximum distance a particle moves from its resting position. It determines how loud a sound is or how bright a light is. Large amplitude means louder sound or more intense light. Trace the height of a wave on a diagram – that peak is the amplitude.
振幅（amplitude）——粒子离开平衡位置的最大距离。它决定声音的响度或光的亮度。振幅大则声音响、光更强。在波形图上，波峰的高度就是振幅。
Wavelength – the distance between two corresponding points on consecutive waves, for example from crest to crest. Measured in metres (m). Shorter wavelength means higher frequency for light and sound. A rainbow's colours each have different wavelengths.
波长（wavelength）——相邻波上两个对应点之间的距离，如从波峰到下一个波峰。单位是米（m）。波长越短，频率越高。彩虹的每种颜色都对应不同的波长。
Frequency – nd: high frequency = high pitch (like a whistle), low frequency = low pitch (like a drum).
频率（frequency）——每秒通过某点的完整波的数量。单位是赫兹（Hz）。1 Hz 即每秒 1 个波。频率决定声音的音高：高频声音尖细（如哨声），低频声音低沉（如鼓声）。
Reflection of sound – when sound waves bounce off a hard surface and
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