📚 Psychology Key Terms Quick-Memorisation Guide for Year 8 CIE | Year 8 CIE 心理学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering psychology vocabulary is like building your own mental filing cabinet. Every new term becomes a hook for understanding behaviour, research and real-life situations. This guide breaks down the core CIE Year 8 terminology into manageable chunks, each paired with a memory tip to make revision faster and stickier.
掌握心理学术语就像在大脑中建立自己的文件柜。每个新词汇都会成为理解行为、研究和现实生活的抓手。本指南将 CIE Year 8 核心术语拆解成易于消化的知识块，每个术语都配有记忆窍门，让复习更快速、更牢固。
1. Research Methods: Variables and Hypotheses | 研究方法：变量与假设
The independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates. Think 'I change the IV' – the word 'independent' starts with 'I', just like you!
自变量（IV）是研究者故意改变或操纵的因素。记住“我改变 IV”——“independent”以 I 开头，就像“我”自己动手。
The dependent variable (DV) is what is measured or observed. Its value depends on the IV. Link it to 'Data from the DV' – measurement gives you data.
因变量（DV）是被测量或观察的变量，它的数值取决于自变量。联系“DV 的数据”——测量给你带来数据。
An extraneous variable is any unwanted factor that could affect the DV and spoil the experiment. They are 'extra' things you need to control.
额外变量是任何可能影响因变量、干扰实验的不速之客。它们是必须控制的“额外”事物。
A hypothesis is a clear, testable prediction about how the IV will affect the DV. It is not a guess – it must be written so that it can be tested. Operationally defining variables turns vague ideas into measurable actions.
假设是关于自变量如何影响因变量的清晰、可检验的预测。它不是胡乱猜想——必须写下来以便验证。操作性定义能把模糊的想法转化为可测量的行为。
2. Experimental Design and Controls | 实验设计与对照组
An experiment is the only research method that can establish cause and effect. The researcher manipulates the IV while keeping everything else the same and then measures the DV.
实验是唯一能够确定因果关系的研究方法。研究者操纵自变量，保持其他条件不变，然后测量因变量。
The control group receives no treatment or a baseline treatment, providing a standard for comparison. The experimental group receives the manipulated IV. Always compare the two!
对照组不接受实验处理或只接受基线处理，用于提供比较标准。实验组接受被操纵的自变量。永远记得比较两者！
Random assignment means each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group. This spreads out extraneous variables evenly, like shuffling a deck of cards.
随机分配意味着每位参与者都有同等的机会被分到任意一组。这就像洗牌一样，能让额外变量均匀分布。
Field experiments take place in real-world settings, and natural experiments happen when researchers simply measure an already-occurring change. The key is still looking for the IV-DV link.
现场实验在真实环境中进行，自然实验则是研究者只是测量已经发生的变化。核心始终是寻找 IV 与 DV 之间的联系。
3. Data Collection Techniques | 数据收集技术
An observation involves watching and recording behavior. In a covert observation, participants do not know they are being watched; in an overt observation, they do. 'Covert' sounds like 'covered' – hidden.
观察法指观看并记录行为。隐蔽观察中，被观察者不知道自己被观察；公开观察中则知情。“Covert”听起来像“covered”——隐藏的。
A structured interview uses pre-set questions, while an unstructured interview flows like a conversation. Semi-structured combines both – a flexible guide with room to explore.
结构化访谈使用预设问题，而非结构化访谈像聊天一样自然进行。半结构化访谈将两者结合——既灵活又有提纲可循。
Questionnaires are written sets of questions. Closed questions give limited answer choices (Yes/No, tick boxes); open questions allow participants to write freely. Think 'closed' door – limited entry.
问卷是书面的问题集。封闭式问题给出有限的答案选项（是/否、勾选框）；开放式问题允许自由填写。想象关着的门，入口受限。
Whichever technique you use, always consider reliability (consistency of results) and validity (whether you are measuring what you think you are measuring).
无论使用哪种方法，都要考虑信度（结果的一致性）和效度（你是否在测量你想要测量的东西）。
4. Reliability, Validity and Ethics | 信度、效度与伦理
Reliability is about getting the same results again and again. Imagine a reliable clock that always shows the correct time. If a study can be repeated with similar findings, it is reliable.
信度关乎能否一次次获得相同的结果。想象一个总是显示准确时间的可靠时钟。如果能重复研究并得到相似结果，就是可靠。
Validity asks: does the test measure what it claims to measure? Using a ruler to measure weight would be reliable but not valid. Always check internal and external validity.
效度问的是：测量工具是否测量了它声称要测量的东西？用尺子称重可能每次结果一致，但不有效。要经常检查内部效度和外部效度。
Ethical guidelines protect participants. Informed consent means they agree after knowing what the study involves. Deception should only be used when necessary, and participants must be debriefed afterwards.
伦理准则保护参与者。知情同意意味着他们在了解研究内容后表示同意。欺骗仅在必要时使用，之后必须对参与者进行事后解说。
Confidentiality keeps data private, and the right to withdraw allows participants to leave at any time without penalty. Remember the ethical mantra: protect, inform, respect.
保密原则确保数据不外泄，退出权允许参与者随时离开且不受惩罚。牢记伦理箴言：保护、告知、尊重。
5. The Biological Approach: Brain and Neurons | 生物学取向：大脑与神经元
A neuron is a nerve cell that sends electrical impulses. It has a cell body, dendrites that receive signals and a long axon that carries the signal away. Picture a tree: dendrites are branches, axon is the trunk.
神经元是传递电脉冲的神经细胞。它包含胞体、接收信号的树突和传导信号的长轴突。想象一棵树：树突是枝丫，轴突是树干。
The synapse is the tiny gap between two neurons. A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that jumps across this gap. Think 'synaptic snap' – the signal snaps across!
突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙。神经递质是跃过间隙的化学信使。想象突触间信号“啪”一下跨越过去！
gulate mood, sleep and appetite. Low levels are linked with depression. Motivate yourself: 'Serotonin = Smile tone'.
血清素帮助调节情绪、睡眠和食欲。低水平与抑郁有关联。用联想记忆：“Serotonin = Smile tone（微笑音调）”。
The frontal lobe, behind your forehead, is the brain's CEO, handling planning, decision-making and personality. If it is active, you are focused.
额头后面的额叶是大脑的首席执行官，负责计划、决策和个性。额叶活跃时，你注意力集中。
6. Memory Processes and Forgetting | 记忆的过程与遗忘
Short-term memory (STM) holds information for about 15– ± 2 items at once. Grouping digits into chunks turns a long string into manageable pieces – try it with a phone number.
短时记忆（STM）可储存信息约15–30秒，一次能处理 7 ± 2 个项目。把数字分成组块，一串长数字就变得易于记忆——用电话号码试试看。
Long-term memory (LTM) has virtually unlimited capacity and stores information for years. Encoding is the process of converting sensory input into a form the brain can store. Without encoding, there is no memory.
长时记忆（LTM）容量几乎无限，能储存信息多年。编码是将感觉输入转化为大脑可储存形式的过程。没有编码，就没有记忆。
Storage keeps information in LTM, while retrieval brings it back to awareness. Retrieval failure is like having a book in a library but missing its call number.
储存把信息保留在长时记忆中，提取则是让信息回到意识中。提取失败就像图书馆里有书却找不到索书号。
The forgetting curve, discovered by Ebbinghaus, shows that we lose most newly learned information within the first hour. Review material the same day to flatten the curve!
艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线表明，大部分新学信息会在第一小时内遗忘。当日复习，就能压平遗忘曲线！
7. Cognitive Development: Piaget's Theory | 认知发展：皮亚杰理论
Jean Piaget explained how children think at different ages. The sensorimotor stage (0–2 years) is all about exploring through senses and actions. A baby learns that a hidden toy still exists – this is object permanence.
让·皮亚杰解释了不同年龄儿童的思维方式。感知运动阶段（0–2岁）探索世界全靠感官和动作。婴儿学到一个藏起来的玩具仍然存在——这就是客体永久性。
In the preoperational stage (2–7 years), children use symbols and words but are egocentric – they cannot easily see another person's point of view. The three mountains task demonstrates this.
前运算阶段（2–7岁）儿童使用符号和词汇，但以自我为中心——他们难以理解他人的视角。三山实验就证明了这一点。
The concrete operational stage (7–11 years) brings logical thinking about real objects. Children now understand conservation: a tall thin glass holds the same water as a short fat one.
具体运算阶段（7–11岁）出现对真实物体的逻辑思考。儿童如今能理解守恒：一个高瘦杯子里的水与一个矮胖杯子里的水一样多。
In the formal operational stage (11+ years), abstract and hypothetical thinking blooms. Teens can solve 'If A > B and B > C, then…' problems without physical objects.
形式运算阶段（11岁以上）抽象和假设思考蓬勃发展。青少年无需实物就能解决“若 A > B 且 B > C，则…”的问题。
Assimilation means fitting new information into existing schemas; accommodation means changing the schema itself. Think 'assimilate – add to same file; accommodate – create a new folder'.
同化是把新信息纳入现有图式；顺应则是改变图式本身。记忆窍门：同化就像把文件塞进同一个文件夹；顺应则是新建一个文件夹。
8. Attachment and Social Development | 依恋与社会性发展
Attachment is a deep emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. It provides a secure base from which the child can explore the world. Bowlby said attachment is vital for survival.
依恋是婴儿与照料者之间深厚的情感联结。它提供了安全基地，让孩子敢于探索世界。鲍尔比认为依恋对生存至关重要。
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, secure children explore happily, show distress when the caregiver leaves and are easily comforted upon return. Think 'secure means sure of love'.
在安斯沃思的陌生情境中，安全型儿童快乐探索，照料者离开时表现出不安，回来时容易被安抚。记住“安全型就是确信被爱”。
Insecure-avoidant children ignore the caregiver and show little emotion. Insecure-resistant children are clingy yet resistant to comfort. Both patterns reflect inconsistent caregiving.
不安全-回避型儿童对照料者漠不关心，情绪反应小。不安全-反抗型儿童既黏人又难以安抚。这两种模式都反映了不一致的照料。
To recall the three types, use the mnemonic 'SIR': Secure, Insecure-avoidant, Insecure-Resistant – like a knight, 'SIR' Attachment!
用缩写“SIR”记住三种类型：安全型（Secure）、不安全-回避型（Insecure-avoidant）、不安全-反抗型（Insecure-Resistant）——想象一位依恋骑士！
9. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity is when we adjust our behaviour or beliefs to match the group. In Asch's line study, participants knowingly gave wrong answers just to fit in. Normative influence is wanting to be liked.
从众是指我们调整行为或信念以迎合群体。在阿希线段实验中，参与者为了合群故意给出错误答案。规范影响就是渴望被喜欢。
Obedience is following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram's famous experiment showed that ordinary people would administer severe shocks when instructed. Ethical! It shocks.
服从是遵从权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆的著名实验显示，普通人会按照指示施加强烈电击。服从力量令人震惊！
Compliance is changing behaviour in response to a request, even without power or authority. The foot-in-the-door technique starts with a small request before a larger one.
顺从是因应请求而改变行为，即使对方没有权力或权威。登门坎技巧先提出小请求，再提出大请求。
Always connect Asch with lines (conformity) and Milgram with shocks (obedience). The names are your memory anchors.
始终将阿希与线段（从众）联系，米尔格拉姆与电击（服从）联系。人名就是你的记忆锚点。
10. Quick Mnemonic Toolkit | 速记工具箱
Use these powerful memory aids to lock in the terms. Each technique can be applied across the whole course.
运用这些强大的记忆辅助工具，牢牢锁定术语。每一种技巧都能贯穿整个课程使用。
| Technique | How It Works | Psychology Example |
|---|---|---|
| Acronyms | Take the first letter of each word to form a new word. | SIR for attachment types; IV & DV |
| Acrostics | Create a sentence where each word starts with the letter you need to remember. | 'I Change IV; Data from DV' |
| Chunking | Group information into meaningful clusters. | Group Piaget's stages by age: 0-2, 2-7, 7-11, 11+ |
| Visualisation | Turn abstract terms into vivid mental pictures. | See a neuron as a tree, synapses as spark gaps |
Finally, self-test daily. Cover definitions and try to recall the term aloud. The testing effect proves that retrieval practice is far more effective than simply reading notes over and over.
最后，每天自我检测。遮住定义，尝试大声回忆术语。测试效应证明，提取练习远比反复阅读笔记更加有效。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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