📚 Year 8 CIE Politics: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | CIE 八年级政治关键术语速记指南
Understanding political vocabulary is the first step to becoming an informed citizen. This guide breaks down essential Year 8 CIE Politics terms with clear definitions and Chinese translations to help you memorise them quickly.
理解政治词汇是成为有见识公民的第一步。本指南用清晰的定义和中文翻译分解八年级CIE政治关键术语，帮助你快速记忆。
1. What is Politics? | 什么是政治？
Politics refers to the activities associated with governing a country or area, including the debate and making of laws, policies, and decisions that affect a society.
政治指与治理国家或地区相关的活动，包括辩论和制定影响社会的法律、政策与决策。
Power in politics means the ability to influence or control the behaviour of people and institutions, often through authority or force.
政治中的权力是指通过权威或强制力影响或控制人们和机构行为的能力。
Decision-making is the process of selecting a course of action from multiple alternatives, which lies at the heart of politics.
决策是从多个备选方案中选择行动方案的过程，这是政治的核心。
2. Government and the State | 政府与国家
State is a politically organised territory with a permanent population, defined borders, and a government that exercises sovereignty.
国家是一个政治上组织起来的领土，拥有常住人口、明确边界和行使主权的政府。
Government is the body that administers the state, makes laws, and enforces them. It can change through elections or other means.
政府是管理国家、制定法律并执行法律的机构，可以通过选举或其他方式更迭。
Sovereignty is the supreme and independent authority of a state to govern itself without outside interference.
主权是国家治理自身而不受外部干涉的最高独立权威。
3. Types of Government | 政府类型
Democracy is a system of government where the people have the authority to choose their leaders and make decisions, either directly or through elected representatives.
民主是一种政府体制，人民有权选择领导人和作出决策，可以是直接民主或通过选举产生的代表。
Dictatorship is a form of government where one person or a small group holds absolute power without constitutional limitations, often suppressing opposition.
独裁是一种政府形式，一个人或一小群人拥有绝对权力，没有宪法限制，常压制反对派。
Monarchy is a political system in which a monarch (king or queen) acts as head of state, typically hereditary. In a constitutional monarchy, their powers are limited by law.
君主制是一种政治体制，君主（国王或女王）作为国家元首，通常是世袭的。在君主立宪制中，其权力受法律限制。
Republic is a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
共和国是一种国家形式，最高权力由人民及其选举的代表掌握，设有选举或任命产生的总统，而非君主。
Oligarchy is a government where a small group of people, often from the same class or family, rule for their own interests.
寡头政治是少数人（常来自同一阶级或家族）为了自身利益而统治的政府。
4. Democracy: Key Terms | 民主关键术语
Direct democracy is a form of democracy where citizens vote directly on laws and policies, rather than through representatives. Ancient Athens is an early example.
直接民主是一种民主形式，公民直接对法律和政策投票，而不是通过代表。古代雅典是早期例子。
Representative democracy (or indirect democracy) is where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Most modern democracies use this system.
代议制民主（间接民主）是公民选举代表来代表他们作出决策的民主形式。大多数现代民主国家采用这种体制。
Majority rule is the principle that decisions are made by a vote in which more than half of the participants support the proposal. It is fundamental to democracy but must respect minority rights.
多数决是指通过投票作出决策，提案获得过半数参与者支持的原则。这是民主的基础，但必须尊重少数人的权利。
Universal suffrage means the right of almost all adult citizens to vote in elections, regardless of gender, race, or social status.
普选权是指几乎所有成年公民都有权在选举中投票，不论性别、种族或社会地位。
5. Political Systems and Institutions | 政治制度与机构
Legislature is the branch of government responsible for making laws. It is often called Parliament, Congress, or National Assembly.
立法机关是负责制定法律的政府部门，通常称为议会、国会或国民议会。
Executive is the branch of government that implements and enforces laws. It includes the head of state, head of government, and the cabinet.
行政机关是执行和推行法律的政府部门，包括国家元首、政府首脑和内阁。
Judiciary is the system of courts that interprets laws, settles disputes, and administers justice. It must be independent from the other branches.
司法机关是解释法律、解决争端、执行司法的法院系统，必须独立于其他两个部门。
Parliament typically consists of two houses (bicameral) in many democracies: an upper house and a lower house, checking and balancing each other.
议会在许多民主国家通常由两院（两院制）组成：上议院和下议院，相互制衡。
Separation of powers is the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intention is to prevent concentration of power.
权力分立是将政府职责划分为不同部门，以限制任何一个部门行使其他部门的核心职能，其目的是防止权力集中。
6. Law and Justice | 法律与正义
Law is a system of rules created and enforced by governmental institutions to regulate behaviour. Laws can be criminal, civil, or constitutional.
法律是由政府机构制定和执行以规范行为的规则体系，可分为刑法、民法或宪法。
Rule of law is the principle that all people and institutions, including the government itself, are subject to and accountable under the law. It ensures fairness and equality.
法治是指包括政府在内的所有人和机构都受法律约束并对法律负责的原则，它保证公平与平等。
Justice is the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, law, fairness, and equity. Social justice seeks equal opportunities for all.
正义是基于伦理、法律、公平和公正的道德正确性概念。社会正义追求人人享有平等机会。
Presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused that they are considered innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
无罪推定是被告的一项法律权利，即在被证明有罪之前被视为无罪，证明标准是排除合理怀疑。
7. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death. They include the right to life, liberty, and security.
人权是全世界每个人从出生到死亡都拥有的基本权利和自由，包括生命权、自由权和人身安全权。
Civil rights are the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. Examples include freedom of speech, assembly, and the right to a fair trial.
公民权利是公民在政治和社会上享有的自由与平等的权利，例如言论自由、集会自由和接受公正审判的权利。
Responsibilities are the duties or obligations citizens have towards their society, such as obeying laws, paying taxes, and serving on a jury.
责任是公民对社会应尽的义务，例如遵守法律、纳税和担任陪审员。
Political rights include the right to vote, to run for public office, and to participate in political movements, ensuring citizens can influence government.
政治权利包括选举权、竞选公职权和参与政治运动权，确保公民能影响政府。
8. Political Participation | 政治参与
Voting is a fundamental method for citizens to express their choice in elections or referendums. It is both a right and a civic duty in democracies.
投票是公民在选举或公投中表达选择的基本方式。在民主国家，它既是权利也是公民义务。
Petition is a formal written request signed by many people appealing to authority in respect of a particular cause. E-petitions have become common digital participation.
请愿是由许多人签署的正式书面请求，就某一特定事项向当局呼吁。电子请愿已成为常见的数字参与形式。
Protest is a public demonstration or march expressing objection to policies or actions. Peaceful protest is a protected form of expression in many democracies.
抗议是公开示威或游行，表达对政策或行动的反对。和平抗议在许多民主国家是受保护的表达形式。
Political party is an organised group of people with similar political aims and opinions, that seeks to influence public policy by getting its candidates elected to public office.
政党是一群政治目标和观点相似的人们组织起来的团体，试图通过让其候选人当选公职来影响公共政策。
9. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
Candidate is a person who stands for election to a public office. They campaign to persuade voters to support them.
候选人是竞选公职的人，他们开展竞选活动以说服选民支持自己。
Campaign is an organised effort to influence decision making within a specific group, especially to win an election. It involves advertising, speeches, and debates.
竞选活动是有组织地影响特定群体决策的活动，尤指为了赢得选举，涉及广告、演讲和辩论。
First-past-the-post (FPTP) is an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, even if they do not have an absolute majority. Used in UK general elections.
简单多数制是一种选举制度，每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，即使未获得绝对多数。英国大选使用这一制度。
Proportional representation (PR) is a system where seats in parliament are allocated in proportion to the number of votes each party receives. It tends to produce multi-party systems.
比例代表制是一种议会席位按各党所获票数比例分配的选举制度，往往产生多党制。
Constituency is a geographical area represented by an elected official. Voters in a constituency elect a member of parliament.
选区是由民选代表所代表的地理区域。选区内的选民选举一名议会议员。
10. Constitution and Rule of Law | 宪法与法治
Constitution is a body of fundamental principles or established precedents
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