📚 Year 8 CIE Sociology: Key Vocabulary Quick-Study Guide | Year 8 CIE 社会学：核心词汇速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is the first step to excelling in Year 8 CIE Sociology. This guide provides clear definitions and memory-friendly explanations of essential terms covering sociological perspectives, social institutions, and research methods.
掌握核心词汇是在Year 8 CIE社会学中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南提供了涵盖社会学视角、社会制度和研究方法的关键术语的清晰定义和易于记忆的解释。
1. Sociology Basics and Perspectives | 社会学基础与视角
Sociology: The scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
社会学: 对社会进行科学研究，包括社会关系模式、社会互动与文化。
Society: A group of people who share a common territory and culture, and who interact with one another.
社会: 共享共同领土和文化并相互交往的一群人。
Social Structure: The organised pattern of social relationships and institutions that together compose society.
社会结构: 社会关系与制度的组织化模式，共同构成社会。
Functionalism: A sociological perspective that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity.
功能主义: 一种社会学视角，认为社会是一个复杂系统，各部分协同工作以促进稳定和团结。
Marxism: A conflict perspective focusing on class inequality and the struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers).
马克思主义: 冲突视角，关注阶级不平等以及资产阶级（所有者）与无产阶级（工人）之间的斗争。
Feminism: A perspective that highlights gender inequalities and seeks to understand and end the oppression of women.
女性主义: 强调性别不平等并试图理解和结束妇女受压迫的视角。
Interactionism: A micro-level approach that studies how individuals interact through symbols and shared meanings in everyday life.
互动论: 微观层面的方法，研究个体如何通过日常生活互动中的符号和共享意义进行交往。
2. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture: The way of life of a group of people, including their beliefs, values, norms, customs, language, and material objects.
文化: 一个群体的生活方式，包括其信仰、价值观、规范、习俗、语言和物质对象。
Norms: Social rules that define acceptable and expected behaviour in specific situations.
规范: 定义在特定情境中可接受和预期行为的社会规则。
Values: Shared beliefs about what is good, desirable, and important in a society.
价值观: 关于社会中什么是好的、可欲的、重要的共同信念。
Mores: Norms that are widely observed and carry strong moral significance; violating them is seen as serious.
民德: 被广泛遵守并具有强烈道德意义的规范；违反它们被视为严重。
Folkways: Norms for routine or casual interaction; breaking them is seen as odd but not immoral.
民俗: 日常或随意互动的规范；违反它们被视为奇怪但不道德。
Subculture: A group within a larger culture that has distinct norms, values, and lifestyles but does not oppose the mainstream culture.
亚文化: 较大文化中的一个群体，具有独特的规范、价值观和生活方式，但并不反对主流文化。
3. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份认同
Socialisation: The lifelong process of learning the norms, values, and behaviours appropriate to one's society.
社会化: 终身学习适应社会规范、价值观和行为的过程。
Primary Socialisation: The early childhood process of learning basic norms and values, mainly within the family.
初级社会化: 幼儿时期学习基本规范与价值观的过程，主要在家庭中进行。
Secondary Socialisation: The later process of learning appropriate behaviour in wider society, through schools, peers, media, etc.
次级社会化: 通过学校、同伴、媒体等学习在更广泛社会中的适当行为的后续过程。
Agents of Socialisation: The individuals, groups, and institutions that carry out socialisation, such as family, schools, peer groups and mass media.
社会化主体: 实施社会化的个人、群体和机构，如家庭、学校、同伴群体和大众传媒。
Identity: An individual's sense of self, shaped by social interactions and membership in various groups.
身份认同: 个体对自我的感觉，由社会互动和各种群体成员身份塑造。
Status: A social position that a person holds; can be ascribed (given at birth) or achieved (earned through effort).
地位: 个人拥有的社会位置；可以是先赋的（出生时赋予）或自致的（通过努力获得）。
Role: The expected behaviour associated with a particular status.
角色: 与特定地位相关的预期行为。
4. Social Stratification and Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social Stratification: A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy, leading to unequal access to resources.
社会分层: 社会将人群按等级排列的系统，导致资源获取不平等。
Social Class: A group of people sharing a similar economic position in society, often based on wealth, income, and occupation.
社会阶级: 一群在社会中拥有相似经济地位的人，通常基于财富、收入和职业。
Caste: A closed system of stratification in which social position is ascribed at birth and cannot be changed.
种姓: 一种封闭的分层制度，社会地位由出生决定且无法改变。
Social Mobility: Movement of individuals or groups between different social positions, which can be upward or downward.
社会流动: 个人或群体在不同社会位置之间的移动，可以是向上或向下。
Life Chances: The opportunities an individual has to achieve things regarded as desirable, such as health, education, and wealth, influenced by social class.
生活机会: 个人获得被认为可欲的事物的机会，如健康、教育和财富，受社会阶级影响。
Relative Poverty: A condition where people lack the resources to participate in the customary activities of their society, compared to the average standard.
相对贫困: 人们缺少资源以参与社会常规活动的状况，与平均水平相比。
Absolute Poverty: A severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation, health, and shelter.
绝对贫困: 严重缺乏基本人类需求，包括食物、安全饮用水、卫生设施、健康和住所。
5. The Family | 家庭
Family: A social institution that unites individuals into cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children.
家庭: 将个人联合为合作群体以相互照顾（包括儿童）的社会制度。
Nuclear Family: A family unit consisting of two parents and their biological or adopted children living in the same household.
核心家庭: 由父母及其亲生或领养子女组成的同居家庭单位。
Extended Family: A family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often living nearby or together.
扩展家庭: 包括核心家庭以外的亲属的家庭结构，如祖父母、姨妈、叔伯和表亲，通常居住邻近或一起。
Household: A person living alone or a group of people living at the same address who share at least one meal a day or share living accommodation.
住户: 单独居住的人或住在同一地址并至少共享一餐或居住便利设施的一群人。
Marriage: A legally recognised union between two people that establishes rights and obligations between them.
婚姻: 法律承认的两人结合，确立了彼此之间的权利和义务。
Divorce: The legal termination of a marriage.
离婚: 婚姻的法律终止。
Cohabitation: A couple living together in a sexual relationship without being married.
同居: 一对伴侣在未结婚的情况下以性关系共同生活。
6. Education | 教育
Education: The formal process of transmitting knowledge, skills, and cultural values from one generation to the next through institutions such as schools.
教育: 通过学校等机构将知识、技能和文化价值观从一代传递到下一代的正式过程。
Formal Curriculum: The planned, timetabled subjects and content taught in schools, such as mathematics, science, and history.
正式课程: 学校计划、课表安排的科目和教学内容，如数学、科学和历史。
Hidden Curriculum: The informal and often unintended lessons learned in school, such as punctuality, obedience, and competition, which reinforce social norms.
隐性课程: 在学校学到的非正式且通常是意外的课程，如守时、服从和竞争，强化了社会规范。
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