📚 Year 8 OCR Philosophy: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 8 OCR 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
This quick guide introduces key philosophical terms you will encounter in the Year 8 OCR Philosophy course. Each term is explained in clear English and paired with a Chinese translation and memory tip, helping you build a strong foundation for reasoning, debate and reflection.
这份速记指南收录了 Year 8 OCR 哲学课程中的核心术语。每个术语都配有清晰的英文解释、中文翻译和记忆技巧，帮助你打好推理论辩和反思的坚实基础。
1. Logic and Argument | 逻辑与论证
Premise – a statement that provides a reason to support a conclusion. An argument usually starts with premises that are believed to be true, and then draws a conclusion from them.
前提 – 为支持结论而提出的陈述。论证通常从被认为是真前提出发，然后推导出结论。
Conclusion – the statement that the argument is trying to prove. It is what the arguer wants you to accept after considering the premises.
结论 – 论证试图证明的陈述。提出者希望你在考虑前提之后接受的观点。
Syllogism – a three‑line argument with two premises and one conclusion, like 'All humans are mortal; Socrates is a human; therefore Socrates is mortal.' It shows the logical form of reasoning.
三段论 – 由两个前提和一个结论组成的三行论证，如'所有人都会死；苏格拉底是人；所以苏格拉底会死。'它展示了推理的逻辑形式。
Fallacy – an error in reasoning that makes an argument unreliable. For example, an ad hominem fallacy attacks the person instead of the argument.
谬误 – 推理中的错误，使论证不可靠。例如，人身攻击谬误攻击的是人而不是论点。
2. Knowledge and Truth | 知识与真理
Belief – accepting something as true. In philosophy, knowledge is often defined as 'justified true belief', meaning you believe it, it is true, and you have good reasons for it.
信念 – 把某事当作真实来接受。哲学中，知识常被定义为'经过辩护的真信念'，即你相信、它是真的、而且你有充分的理由。
Truth – what corresponds to reality. A statement is true if it accurately describes the world.
真理 – 符合现实的东西。一个陈述如果准确描述了世界，就是真的。
Scepticism – the view that we cannot know certain things, or that all knowledge claims should be doubted. A sceptic questions whether our senses or reasoning ever give us certainty.
怀疑论 – 认为我们无法确知某些事情，或所有知识主张都应被质疑的观点。怀疑论者会怀疑感官或推理能否带给我们确定性。
Empiricism – the theory that all knowledge comes from sensory experience. John Locke compared the mind to a 'blank slate' (tabula rasa) that experience fills.
经验主义 – 认为所有知识都来自感官体验的理论。洛克把心灵比作一块'白板'，由经验来填充。
Rationalism – the view that reason is the primary source of knowledge, not the senses. Rationalists believe we can discover truths just by thinking logically.
理性主义 – 认为理性是知识的主要来源，而不是感官经验。理性主义者相信仅凭逻辑思考就能发现真理。
3. Metaphysics and Reality | 形而上学与现实
Metaphysics – the branch of philosophy that studies what exists. It asks questions like 'What is there?' and 'What is the nature of reality?'
形而上学 – 研究存在本身的哲学分支。它问'什么东西存在？'以及'现实的本质是什么？'
Dualism – the idea that reality is made of two fundamentally different substances, usually mind (or soul) and physical body. A famous dualist is Descartes.
二元论 – 认为现实由两种根本不同的实体组成，通常是心灵（或灵魂）和物质身体。笛卡尔是著名的二元论者。
Materialism – the view that only matter exists. Everything, including thoughts and feelings, can be explained by physical processes.
唯物主义 – 认为只有物质存在的观点。一切事物，包括思想和感受，都可用物理过程来解释。
Idealism – the belief that reality is fundamentally mental. The external world may exist only as ideas in minds.
唯心主义 – 认为现实本质上是精神的信念。外部世界或许只作为心中的观念而存在。
4. Ethics and Morality | 伦理学与道德
Utilitarianism – the ethical theory that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. It focuses on consequences, not intentions.
功利主义 – 一种伦理学理论，认为正确的行为是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为。它关注后果，而非动机。
Deontology – a duty‑based ethics where some actions are right or wrong in themselves, regardless of consequences. Immanuel Kant argued that we should follow universal moral rules.
义务论 – 一种基于责任的伦理学，认为某些行为本身就是对的或错的，无论后果如何。康德主张我们应遵守普遍的道德法则。
Virtue Ethics – an approach that focuses on character and virtues like courage, honesty and compassion. A virtuous person naturally does the right thing.
德性伦理 – 关注品格和美德（如勇气、诚实、同情）的进路。有德性的人自然会做出正确的事。
Moral Dilemma – a situation where you must choose between two conflicting moral options, and both choices seem to violate some ethical principle.
道德困境 – 必须在两个冲突的道德选项之间做选择的情形，且两个选项似乎都违背了某种道德原则。
5. Philosophy of Religion | 宗教哲学
Theism – belief in the existence of a God or gods who created the world and can intervene in it.
有神论 – 相信存在一个或多个创造并能够干预世界的神。
Atheism – the absence of belief in any gods. An atheist holds that there is no sufficient reason to believe a deity exists.
无神论 – 不相信任何神存在。无神论者认为没有充分理由相信神存在。
Agnosticism – the view that it is impossible to know whether God exists or not. Agnostics suspend judgement.
不可知论 – 认为不可能知道上帝是否存在。不可知论者暂不作出判断。
Design Argument – the argument that the universe shows order and purpose, so it must have been designed by an intelligent being (God). It is also called the teleological argument.
设计论证 – 认为宇宙展现出的秩序和目的，必定是由一位智能存在者（神）设计的。也称为目的论论证。
Problem of Evil – the challenge that if God is all‑powerful, all‑knowing and all‑good, evil should not exist. The presence of suffering questions divine attributes.
恶的问题 – 如果神是全知、全能、全善的，恶就不应存在。苦难的存在对神性提出了挑战。
6. Mind and Body | 心灵与身体
Consciousness – the state of being aware of yourself and your surroundings. It includes thoughts, feelings and sensations.
意识 – 对自己和周围环境的觉察状态。包括思维、感受和感觉。
Qualia – the individual, subjective qualities of experience, like the redness of a rose or the taste of chocolate. They are hard to describe to someone who has never had that experience.
感受质 – 个体经验的主观特性，如玫瑰的红色或巧克力的味道。很难向从未有过该体验的人描述。
Identity Theory – the view that mental states are identical to brain states. Every thought is a physical event in the brain.
同一论 – 认为心理状态等同于大脑状态。每个念头都是大脑中的一个物理事件。
Cartesian Theatre – Daniel Dennett's term for the mistaken idea that there is a single place in the mind where 'everything comes together' and consciousness occurs.
笛卡尔剧场 – 丹尼特提出的术语，指那种错误观念：心灵中存在一个'一切会合'并产生意识的单一场所。
7. Free Will and Determinism | 自由意志与决定论
Free Will – the ability to choose and act without being forced by causes outside our control. It is often thought necessary for moral responsibility.
自由意志 – 不受自身控制之外的原因强制而选择和行动的能力。常被认为是道德责任的必要条件。
Determinism – the theory that all events, including human choices, are determined by previous causes. If determinism is true, it may seem that we have no free will.
决定论 – 认为一切事件（包括人类选择）都由先前的因决定的理论。若决定论为真，似乎我们就无自由意志。
Compatibilism – the attempt to show that free will and determinism can both be true. It redefines free will as acting according to your own desires without external constraint.
相容论 – 试图表明自由意志和决定论可以同时为真。它将自由意志重新定义为按自身欲望而行动，无外在强制。
Hard Determinism – the position that determinism is true, and therefore free will is an illusion; we cannot be held truly morally responsible.
强决定论 – 认为决定论为真，因而自由意志为幻觉；我们无法被真正地追究道德责任。
8. Political Philosophy | 政治哲学
State of Nature – a hypothetical condition before any government existed, used by philosophers to think about why we need laws and rulers. Hobbes imagined it as a 'war of all against all'.
自然状态 – 设想中政府出现之前的状态，哲学家以此思考为何需要法律和统治者。霍布斯将其描绘为'一切人对一切人的战争'。
Social Contract – the idea that people agree to give up some freedoms in exchange for protection and order provided by a government. It explains why we obey laws.
社会契约 – 人们同意放弃部分自由，以换取政府的保护和秩序。这解释了为何我们遵守法律。
Justice – the principle of fairness and moral rightness in how people are treated. Theories of justice ask how goods and burdens should be shared in society.
正义 – 关乎待人公平和道德正当性的原则。正义理论探讨社会中的利益和负担应如何分配。
Positive Rights vs Negative Rights – negative rights require others not to interfere (e.g., right to free speech), while positive rights require others to provide something (e.g., right to education).
积极权利与消极权利 – 消极权利要求他人不干涉（如言论自由权），积极权利要求他人提供某些东西（如受教育权）。
9. Aesthetics | 美学
Aesthetics – the branch of philosophy that explores the nature of beauty, art and taste. It asks what makes something beautiful or artistic.
美学 – 探究美、艺术和品味的本质的哲学分支。追问是什么使某物成为美的或艺术的。
Objective vs Subjective Beauty – is beauty a property that objects have independently of us (objective), or is it in the eye of the beholder (subjective)?
客观美与主观美 – 美是物自身独立于我们而具有的属性（客观），还是存在于观看者眼中（主观）？
The Sublime – an experience of awe, vastness or terror that goes beyond ordinary beauty, such as looking at a stormy sea. It can be both frightening and magnificent.
崇高 – 一种超越寻常美的敬畏、浩瀚或恐怖体验，如凝视暴风骤雨的大海。它既令人畏惧又壮丽辉煌。
Art as Expression – the theory that art is a way to convey emotions from the artist to the audience. A piece of music can make you feel sadness without words.
艺术即表现 – 认为艺术是将艺术家的情感传递给观众的方式。一首乐曲可以不用言辞就让你感到悲伤。
10. Philosophical Methods | 哲学方法
Thought Experiment – an imaginary scenario used to test ideas and intuitions. Famous examples include Plato's cave, the trolley problem and the brain in a vat.
思想实验 – 用来检验观念和直觉的虚构情境。著名例子有柏拉图洞穴、电车难题和缸中之脑。
Dialectic – a method of dialogue where two or more people discuss a question from different viewpoints to get closer to the truth. It often involves thesis, antithesis and synthesis.
辩证法 – 两人或多人从不同视角讨论问题以接近真理的对话方法。常涉及正题、反题与合题。
Ockham's Razor – a principle that says the simplest explanation, making the fewest assumptions, is usually the best. It is used to cut away unnecessary complexity.
奥卡姆剃刀 – 一条原则：最简单的解释，即所设假设最少的解释，通常是最好的。用于剔除不必要的复杂性。
Counterexample – an example that contradicts a general claim. If someone says 'all birds can fly', a penguin serves as a counterexample.
反例 – 一个与普遍主张相矛盾的例子。若有人说'所有鸟都会飞'，企鹅就是一个反例。
Begging the Question – a fallacy in which the conclusion is assumed in the premise. It creates a circular argument, like 'Reading is good because it is beneficial.'
乞题 – 一种结论已包含在前提中的谬误。它产生循环论证，如'阅读有益因为阅读有好处。'
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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