📚 Year 8 CIE Biology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 8 CIE 生物：核心知识点梳理
Welcome to your Year 8 CIE Biology revision guide. This article summarises the core topics you need to understand, from the characteristics of life to ecosystems. Mastering these concepts will help you excel in your exams and build a solid foundation for IGCSE Biology. Let's explore the fascinating world of living organisms.
欢迎阅读 Year 8 CIE 生物复习指南。本文总结了你需要掌握的核心主题，从生命特征到生态系统。掌握这些概念将帮助你在考试中取得优异成绩，并为 IGCSE 生物打下坚实基础。让我们一起探索迷人的生物世界。
1. Characteristics of Living Things: MRS GREN | 生命体的特征：MRS GREN
To decide if something is living, scientists look for seven life processes, often remembered by the acronym MRS GREN. These are Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. All living organisms carry out these processes, although not all at the same time or in the same way.
为了判断某物是否为生物，科学家会寻找七种生命过程，通常用首字母缩写 MRS GREN 来记忆。它们是运动、呼吸、感知、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。所有生物都进行这些过程，尽管进行的方式和时间各不相同。
Movement can be a change of position, such as an animal running, or internal movement, like the streaming of cytoplasm in plant cells. Respiration is the chemical reaction that releases energy from food. Sensitivity means detecting and responding to changes in the environment, like plants growing towards light.
运动可以是位置的改变，例如动物奔跑，也可以是内部运动，如植物细胞的胞质流动。呼吸是释放食物中能量的化学反应。感知是指察觉并响应环境变化，比如植物向光生长。
Growth is a permanent increase in size and complexity. Reproduction is producing offspring, either sexually or asexually. Excretion removes waste products from metabolism, not to be confused with egestion (removing undigested food). Nutrition provides the materials for growth and energy.
生长是体积和复杂性的永久增加。繁殖是产生后代，可以是有性繁殖或无性繁殖。排泄是清除新陈代谢产生的废物，不要与排遗（排出未消化的食物）混淆。营养提供生长和能量所需的物质。
2. Cells and Microscopy | 细胞与显微镜
All organisms are made of cells. The cell theory states that cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are composed of one or more cells, and new cells arise from existing cells. Animal cells typically contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
所有生物都由细胞构成。细胞学说指出细胞是生命的基本单位，所有生物由一个或多个细胞组成，新细胞由现有细胞产生。动物细胞通常包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。
ynthesis. Using a light microscope, you can view many of these structures. The total magnification is eyepiece lens magnification × objective lens magnification.
植物细胞有额外结构：由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁，含有细胞液的大液泡，以及进行光合作用的叶绿体。使用光学显微镜可以观察到其中许多结构。总放大倍数 = 目镜放大倍数 × 物镜放大倍数。
To prepare a microscope slide, place a thin specimen in a drop of water on a slide and gently lower a coverslip to avoid air bubbles. Focus carefully using
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