📚 Year 8 OCR Geography Key Terms Quick Memory Guide | Year 8 OCR 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Geography in Year 8 builds on the foundations of physical and human geography, introducing more specialised vocabulary that you will need to describe processes, landforms, population patterns and sustainability. This guide covers must-know terms from OCR's key topics, with tips to help you remember them quickly and effectively.
八年级地理在物理和人文地理基础上进一步深入，引入了更多专业词汇，需要用它们来描述各种过程、地貌、人口格局和可持续发展理念。本指南涵盖 OCR 核心专题中必须掌握的术语，并配有高效速记技巧。
1. Weathering and Erosion | 风化和侵蚀
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks in place, without movement. Erosion involves the removal and transport of weathered material by agents like water, wind or ice. Remember: 'weathering stays, erosion moves away.'
风化是指岩石在原地破碎、分解，不发生位移。侵蚀则是由水、风或冰等营力将风化产物搬运走的过程。记忆诀窍：风化在原地，侵蚀被带走。
- Freeze-thaw weathering — water enters cracks, freezes and expands, widening them.
- 冻融风化 —— 水进入裂隙，结冰时体积膨胀，使裂缝扩大。
- Biological weathering — roots or animals break down rocks.
- 生物风化 —— 植物根系或动物活动使岩石破碎。
- Hydraulic action — the force of moving water pushes air into cracks, breaking rock.
- 水力作用 —— 流动水体将空气压入岩石裂隙，使其崩解。
2. River Processes and Landforms | 河流作用与地貌
Rivers shape the landscape through erosion, transportation and deposition. Look for keywords that describe how material travels: traction, saltation, suspension, solution.
河流通过侵蚀、搬运和堆积塑造地貌。注意描述物质搬运方式的关键词：推移、跃移、悬移和溶解质搬运。
- Meander — a bend in a river formed by lateral erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank.
- 曲流 —— 河弯，由凹岸侧蚀、凸岸堆积形成。
- Oxbow lake — a crescent-shaped lake formed when a meander is cut off.
- 牛轭湖 —— 曲流被截断后形成的弯月形湖泊。
- Floodplain — flat land next to a river, formed by repeated flooding and deposition of silt.
- 泛滥平原 —— 河流两侧由反复泛滥和泥沙沉积形成的平坦土地。
3. Coastal Landforms | 海岸地貌
Coastal erosion creates distinctive features like headlands and bays. Hard rock erodes slowly to form headlands, while soft rock erodes quickly to form bays. Quick memory: 'Headlands stand out, Bays retreat in.'
海岸侵蚀形成海岬和海湾等独特地貌。坚硬的岩石侵蚀慢，形成海岬；软弱岩石侵蚀快，形成海湾。速记：海岬突出，海湾凹入。
- Arch — a natural bridge of rock formed when a cave is eroded through a headland.
- 海蚀拱 —— 海岬被侵蚀穿通后形成的天然石桥。
- Stack — an isolated pillar of rock left standing when an arch collapses.
- 海蚀柱 —— 拱顶塌落后留下的孤立岩柱。
- Spit — a long, narrow ridge of sand or shingle attached to the coast at one end, formed by longshore drift.
- 沙嘴 —— 由沿岸漂流形成的一端连接海岸的狭长沙脊。
4. Population and Settlement | 人口与聚落
Understanding why people live where they do means recognising push and pull factors. Push factors drive people away (e.g. unemployment), pull factors attract them (e.g. better jobs).
理解人口分布原因需要识别推拉因素。推力因素促使人们离开（如失业），拉力因素吸引人们到来（如更好的就业机会）。
- Population density — number of people per square kilometre.
- 人口密度 —— 每平方公里人口数。
- Urbanisation — the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
- 城市化 —— 城镇人口比例不断上升的过程。
- Megacity — a city with more than 10 million inhabitants.
- 超级城市 —— 人口超过一千万的城市。
5. Development and Indicators | 发展及其指标
Development is measured using economic, social and environmental indicators. GDP per capita is the total value of goods and services produced in a country divided by its population. HDI combines life expectancy, education and income.
衡量发展水平需用经济、社会和环境指标。人均 GDP 是一国产出的商品与服务总值除以人口数。人类发展指数则综合了预期寿命、教育程度和人均收入。
- Life expectancy — the average number of years a person is expected to live.
- 预期寿命 —— 一个人平均预期存活的年数。
- Literacy rate — percentage of adults who can read and write.
- 识字率 —— 能够读写成年人的百分比。
- Infant mortality — number of deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births.
- 婴儿死亡率 —— 每千名活产婴儿中一岁以下死亡人数。
6. Plate Tectonics and Hazards | 板块构造与灾害
The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that move on the mantle. Their boundaries are where most earthquakes and volcanoes occur. 'Constructive plates pull apart, destructive plates collide, conservative plates slide past.'
地壳被分成若干构造板块，在软流圈上移动。板块交界处是地震和火山多发地。张裂型板块分离，汇聚型板块碰撞，错动型板块横向滑过。
- Epicentre — the point on the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake focus.
- 震中 —— 震源垂直投射到地面的点。
- Magma — molten rock beneath the Earth's surface.
- 岩浆 —— 地表以下的熔融岩石。
- Lava — magma that reaches the surface.
- 熔岩 —— 到达地表的岩浆。
7. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather is the day-to-day condition of the atmosphere. Climate is the average weather over a long period, usually 30 years. Remember: 'Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get.'
天气是大气的逐日状况。气候是长时期内的平均天气，通常以 30 年为期。记忆法：气候是意料之中的，天气是实际遭遇的。
- Precipitation — any form of water falling from the atmosphere (rain, snow, hail).
- 降水 —— 从大气中降下的任何形式的水（雨、雪、雹）。
- Convectional rainfall — caused by the sun heating the ground, warm air rises, cools and condenses.
- 对流雨 —— 太阳加热地面，暖空气上升、冷却、凝结成雨。
- Relief rainfall — moist air forced to rise over hills or mountains.
- 地形雨 —— 湿润空气受地形抬升降水。
8. Ecosystems and Biomes | 生态系统与生物群系
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment. A biome is a large-scale ecosystem with similar climate and vegetation, such as tropical rainforests or deserts.
生态系统是生物群落与非生物环境相互作用的统一整体。生物群系则是具有相似气候和植被的大尺度生态系统，例如热带雨林或沙漠。
- Producers — plants that make their own food by photosynthesis.
- 生产者 —— 通过光合作用制造养分的植物。
- Consumers — animals that eat other organisms.
- 消费者 —— 以其他生物为食的动物。
- Decomposers — organisms that break down dead material, returning nutrients to the soil.
- 分解者 —— 分解死亡有机体，将养分归还土壤的生物。
- Food web — a network of interconnected food chains.
- 食物网 —— 多条食物链相互交织构成的网络。
9. Resources and Sustainability | 资源与可持续性
Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Keywords include renewable, non-renewable and carbon footprint.
可持续发展指既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代满足其需求的能力。关键词包括可再生、不可再生和碳足迹。
- Renewable energy — from sources that do not run out, e.g. solar, wind, hydro.
- 可再生能源 —— 来自不会耗尽的能源，如太阳能、风能、水能。
- Non-renewable energy — finite resources like coal, oil, natural gas.
- 不可再生能源 —— 储量有限的资源，如煤、石油、天然气。
- Recycling — processing used materials into new products to reduce waste.
- 回收利用 —— 将用过的材料加工成新产品以减少废弃物。
10. Map Skills and GIS | 地图技能与地理信息系统
Maps use symbols, scale and grid references. A four-figure grid reference locates a grid square, a six-figure one pinpoints an exact location. GIS layers different types of data on digital maps.
地图使用图例、比例尺和网格坐标。四位坐标定位公里方格，六位坐标精确定位具体地点。GIS 在数字地图上叠加多层不同类型的数据。
- Contour lines — lines joining points of equal height above sea level.
- 等高线 —— 连接海平面以上等高点位的线条。
- Scale — the ratio between map distance and real-world distance.
- 比例尺 —— 图幅距离与实地距离之比。
- Latitude and longitude — imaginary lines used to locate places on the globe.
- 纬度和经度 —— 用于定位地球表面位置的假想线。
Published by TutorHao | Geography Revision Series | aleveler.com
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