Year 8 OCR Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 8 OCR 生物学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 8 OCR Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 8 OCR 生物学：词汇术语速记指南

This guide is designed to help Year 8 students quickly memorise the essential biological terms required by the OCR Key Stage 3 Science syllabus. Each section groups together key vocabulary, provides clear definitions and suggests simple memory hooks. Use it alongside your class notes for rapid revision.

本指南旨在帮助 Year 8 学生快速记忆 OCR 初中科学大纲要求的基础生物学术语。每个部分将重点词汇归类，给出清晰的定义并提供简单的记忆方法。结合课堂笔记使用，可以实现快速复习。

1. Cells and Organelles | 细胞与细胞器

All living organisms are built from cells. Memorising the names and roles of organelles is the first step to understanding biology.

所有生物体都由细胞构成。记住细胞器的名称和作用是理解生物学的第一步。

• Nucleus – The control centre that contains genetic material (DNA) and directs all cell activities.

  细胞核 – 包含遗传物质（DNA）并指挥所有细胞活动的控制中心。

• Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place.

  细胞质 – 进行大多数化学反应的胶状物质。

• Cell membrane – A thin barrier that controls which substances enter and leave the cell.

  细胞膜 – 控制物质进出细胞的薄膜屏障。

• Mitochondria – Organelles where aerobic respiration occurs to release energy. Think of them as the 'powerhouses'.

  线粒体 – 发生有氧呼吸并释放能量的细胞器。可以将其想象成“能量工厂”。

• Ribosomes – Tiny structures that make proteins.

  核糖体 – 制造蛋白质的微小结构。

• Cell wall (plant cells only) – A rigid outer layer made of cellulose that supports the cell.

  细胞壁（仅植物细胞）– 由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，起支撑作用。

• Chloroplast (plant cells only) – Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

  叶绿体（仅植物细胞）– 含有叶绿素，是光合作用的场所。

• Permanent vacuole (plant cells only) – A large space filled with cell sap that keeps the cell firm.

  中央液泡（仅植物细胞）– 充满细胞液的大空间，使细胞保持坚挺。

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2. Tissues, Organs and Systems | 组织、器官与系统

Cells work together to form tissues, organs and systems. Understanding this hierarchy helps you explain how organisms function.

细胞共同工作形成组织、器官和系统。理解这一层次结构有助于解释生物体如何运作。

• Tissue – A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function, such as muscle tissue.

  组织 – 一群相似的细胞共同工作以执行特定功能，例如肌肉组织。

• Organ – A structure made of different tissues that carries out a major job, like the heart or leaf.

  器官 – 由不同组织构成并执行主要功能的结构，例如心脏或叶。

• Organ system – A group of organs that work together to perform a life process, such as the digestive system.

  器官系统 – 一组协同工作以完成生命过程的器官，例如消化系统。

• Organism – A complete living individual made up of many organ systems.

  生物体 – 由多个器官系统构成的完整生命个体。

• Differentiation – The process by which cells become specialised for a particular role.

  分化 – 细胞变得特化以承担特定作用的过程。

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3. Photosynthesis | 光合作用

Photosynthesis is the process plants use to make their own food. Learning the word equation is essential for answering exam questions.

光合作用是植物制造自身食物的过程。记住文字方程式对于考试作答至关重要。

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

This conversion takes place in chloroplasts and requires light energy absorbed by chlorophyll.

该转化在叶绿体中进行，需要叶绿素吸收的光能。

• Chlorophyll – The green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

  叶绿素 – 捕获光能以进行光合作用的绿色色素。

• Stomata – Small pores on leaves that allow gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) to enter and exit.

  气孔 – 叶片上的小孔，允许气体（二氧化碳和氧气）进出。

• Guard cells – Cells that open and close stomata to control water loss.

  保卫细胞 – 控制气孔开闭以调节水分流失的细胞。

• Glucose – The sugar produced during photosynthesis, used for energy and growth.

  葡萄糖 – 光合作用中产生的糖，用于提供能量和生长。

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4. Respiration | 呼吸作用

Respiration is not the same as breathing. It is the chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose in every living cell.

呼吸作用不同于呼吸。它是每个活细胞中从葡萄糖释放能量的化学反应。

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces a large amount of energy. Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is limited and produces much less energy, often with lactic acid in animals.

有氧呼吸需要氧气并产生大量能量。无氧呼吸在氧气有限时发生，产生的能量少得多，动物中往往生成乳酸。

• Aerobic – Meaning 'with oxygen'.

  有氧的 – 意为“需要氧气”。

• Anaerobic – Meaning 'without oxygen'.

  无氧的 – 意为“不需要氧气”。

• Lactic acid – A substance produced in muscles during anaerobic respiration, causing fatigue.

  乳酸 – 无氧呼吸过程中在肌肉中产生的物质，导致疲劳。

• Fermentation – Anaerobic respiration in yeast that produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.

  发酵 – 酵母中的无氧呼吸，产生乙醇和二氧化碳。

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5. Digestive System | 消化系统

Digestion breaks down large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood.

消化将大而不溶解的食物分子分解成可溶于水的小分子，以便被血液吸收。

• Enzymes – Biological catalysts that speed up digestion without being used up. They are proteins.

  酶 – 加速消化而自身不被消耗的生物催化剂，属于蛋白质。

• Amylase – An enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars, produced in the salivary glands and pancreas.

  淀粉酶 – 将淀粉分解为糖的酶，由唾液腺和胰腺产生。

• Protease – An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids, active in the stomach and small intestine.

  蛋白酶 – 将蛋白质分解为氨基酸的酶，在胃和小肠中起作用。

• Lipase – An enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

  脂肪酶 – 将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油的酶。

• Villi – Tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption.

  绒毛 – 小肠内的微小指状突起，增加吸收的表面积。

• Peristalsis – Wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the gut.

  蠕动 – 推动食物沿肠道运动的波浪状肌肉收缩。

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6. Reproduction | 生殖

Reproduction ensures the survival of a species. You need to know the names of sex cells and the stages of human development.

生殖确保物种的延续。你需要了解性细胞的名称以及人类发育的各阶段。

• Sperm – The male sex cell, adapted with a tail for swimming.

  精子 – 雄性性细胞，具有用于游动的尾巴。

• Ovum (egg) – The female sex cell, much larger than sperm and contains food reserves.

  卵细胞 – 雌性性细胞，比精子大得多并含有营养储备。

• Fertilisation – The fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus to form a zygote.

  受精 – 精子细胞核与卵细胞核融合形成受精卵的过程。

• Zygote – The single cell formed immediately after fertilisation.

  受精卵 – 受精后立即形成的单个细胞。

• Embryo – The early stage of development after the fertilised egg has started dividing.

  胚胎 – 受精卵开始分裂后的早期发育阶段。

• Foetus – The developing baby after about eight weeks, when most organs have formed.

  胎儿 – 大约八周后，大多数器官已形成的发育中婴儿。

• Placenta – The organ that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from mother to baby, while removing wastes.

  胎盘 – 允许氧气和营养物质从母体传给胎儿并移除废物的器官。

• Gestation – The period of development inside the uterus, lasting about nine months in humans.

  妊娠期 – 在子宫内发育的时期，人类约持续九个月。

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7. Ecosystems and Interdependence | 生态系统与相互依存

Ecology vocabulary helps you describe how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

生态学词汇有助于描述生物体如何彼此及其环境相互作用。

• Habitat – The place where an organism lives, providing food and shelter.

  栖息地 – 生物体生活的地方，提供食物和庇护。

• Ecosystem – A community of living organisms plus the non-living components of their environment, interacting as a system.

  生态系统 – 由生物群落与其环境中的非生物成分相互作用形成的系统。

• Population – All the members of a single species living in a specific area.

  种群 – 生活在特定区域的同一物种的所有成员。

• Community – All the populations of different species living together in a habitat.

  群落 – 生活在同一栖息地的所有不同物种种群。

• Producer – An organism that makes its own food using photosynthesis, usually a green plant.

  生产者 – 利用光合作用制造食物的生物体，通常是绿色植物。

• Consumer – An organism that eats other organisms for energy. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers.

  消费者 – 通过捕食其他生物获取能量的生物体。初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者。

• Decomposer – An organism, such as bacteria or fungi, that breaks down dead material and recycles nutrients.

  分解者 – 分解死物质并回收养分的生物体，如细菌和真菌。

• Food web – A network of interconnected food chains showing feeding relationships.

  食物网 – 显示取食关系的相互连接的食物链网络。

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8. Variation and Classification | 变异与分类

Scientists group organisms based on shared features and study differences within groups. This makes biodiversity easier to understand.

科学家根据共同特征对生物体进行分组，并研究组内差异，从而更易理解生物多样性。

• Variation – The differences between individuals of the same species.

  变异 – 同一物种个体之间的差异。

• Continuous variation – A feature that can take any value within a range, such as height or mass.

  连续变异 – 可在一定范围内取任意值的特征，如身高或体重。

• Discontinuous variation – A feature that falls into distinct categories, such as blood group or eye colour.

  不连续变异 – 属于不同类别的特征，如血型或眼睛颜色。

• Species – A group of similar organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring.

  物种 – 一组相似的生物体，它们之间可以交配并产生可育后代。

• Classification – The process of sorting living things into groups based on similarities and differences.

  分类 – 根据相似性和差异性将生物分门别类。

• Vertebrate – An animal with a backbone, divided into five main classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

  脊椎动物 – 有脊椎骨的动物，分为五个主要类群：哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类。

• Invertebrate – An animal without a backbone, such as insects, spiders and worms.

  无脊椎动物 – 没有脊椎骨的动物，如昆虫、蜘蛛和蠕虫。

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9. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与继承

Genetics explains how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring. The basic vocabulary helps you explore human traits and genetic conditions.

遗传学解释特征如何从亲代传到子代。基础词汇有助于探索人类性状和遗传状况。

• DNA – The molecule that carries genetic instructions for growth, development and functioning.

  DNA – 携带生长、发育和功能所需遗传指令的分子。

• Gene – A section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic.

  基因 – 编码特定性状的一段 DNA。

• Chromosome – A long, coiled-up strand of DNA found in the nucleus, carrying many genes.

  染色体 – 在细胞核中发现的盘绕成棒状的 DNA 长链，携带多个基因。

• Inheritance – The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes.

  遗传 – 通过基因将特征从亲代传递给子代的过程。

• Dominant allele – A version of a gene that always shows its effect if present, even if only one copy is inherited.

  显性等位基因 – 只要存在就会表现其效应的基因版本，即使只遗传了一个拷贝。

• Recessive allele – A version of a gene that only shows its effect if two copies are inherited.

  隐性等位基因 – 只有在遗传到两个拷贝时才会表现其效应的基因版本。

• Genotype – The combination of alleles an organism has for a trait.

  基因型 – 生物体所拥有的等位基因组合。

• Phenotype – The observable characteristic that results from the genotype.

  表型 – 由基因型产生的可观察特征。

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10. Health and Disease | 健康与疾病

Keeping healthy involves defending against pathogens, making informed lifestyle choices and understanding how medicines work. These terms appear frequently in OCR Year 8 tests.

保持健康涉及抵御病原体、做出明智的生活方式选择以及理解药物如何起作用。这些术语在 OCR Year 8 测试中频繁出现。

• Pathogen – A microorganism that causes disease, such as bacteria, viruses or fungi.

  病原体 – 导致疾病的微生物，如细菌、病毒或真菌。

• Bacteria – Single-celled organisms that can cause illnesses like food poisoning but are also useful in digestion and making yoghurt.

  细菌 – 可导致食物中毒等疾病的单细胞生物，但也在消化和制作酸奶中起有益作用。

• Virus – A tiny infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells, causing diseases like flu and COVID-19.

  病毒 – 只能在活细胞内复制的微小感染因子，导致如流感和新冠肺炎等疾病。

• White blood cell – A key part of the immune system that attacks and destroys pathogens.

  白细胞 – 免疫系统的关键部分，攻击并消灭病原体。

• Vaccination – Introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells, providing immunity.

  疫苗接种 – 引入无害的病原体形式以刺激免疫系统产生记忆细胞，从而提供免疫力。

• Antibiotic – A medicine that kills bacteria inside the body but does not work against viruses.

  抗生素 – 能杀死体内细菌的药物，但对病毒无效。

• Health – A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.

  健康 – 完全的身体、精神和社会福祉状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。

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