📚 Year 8 OCR Computer Science: A Glossary of Key Terms & Quick Memory Guide | Year 8 OCR 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
This bilingual reference article is designed specifically for Year 8 students following the OCR Computer Science curriculum. It organises essential keywords into themed clusters, with clear English definitions immediately followed by their Chinese equivalents. Use it as a quick revision aid to build confidence in technical vocabulary.
这篇中英对照的参考文章专为学习 OCR 计算机课程的 Year 8 学生设计。它将核心术语按主题分组，以清晰的英文定义紧接中文对等解释的方式呈现。请将其用作快速复习工具，帮助建立技术词汇的信心。
1. Core Hardware Components | 核心硬件组件
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – often called the 'brain' of the computer, it carries out instructions from programs by performing fetch-decode-execute cycles.
CPU（中央处理器）——常被称为计算机的“大脑”，它通过取指–译码–执行周期来运行程序的指令。
Motherboard – the main circuit board that connects all components, allowing the CPU, memory, and storage to communicate.
主板——连接所有组件的主电路板，使 CPU、内存和存储设备能够互相通信。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – temporary, volatile memory that holds data and instructions currently in use; its contents are lost when the power is switched off.
RAM（随机存取存储器）——临时的易失性存储器，存放当前正使用的数据和指令；断电后内容会丢失。
PSU (Power Supply Unit) – converts electricity from the mains into the correct voltages needed by the computer's internal parts.
PSU（电源供应单元）——将市电转换为计算机内部零件所需的正确电压。
2. Input, Output and Peripheral Devices | 输入、输出与外围设备
Input device – any hardware that sends data to the computer (e.g. keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone).
输入设备——任何将数据发送给计算机的硬件（例如键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风）。
Output device – hardware that receives and presents data from the computer (e.g. monitor, printer, speakers).
输出设备——接收并呈现计算机数据的硬件（例如显示器、打印机、扬声器）。
Peripheral – an external device connected to the computer, typically via USB or wirelessly, that provides input, output or storage functions.
外围设备——通过 USB 或无线方式连接到计算机的外部设备，提供输入、输出或存储功能。
Touchscreen – a display that also acts as an input device, responding to finger gestures.
触摸屏——同时充当输入设备的显示器，对手指手势作出反应。
3. Storage: Primary, Secondary and Cloud | 存储器：主存、辅存与云端
Primary storage – memory directly accessed by the CPU, mainly RAM and cache; extremely fast but limited in size.
主存储器——CPU 直接访问的存储器，主要是 RAM 和缓存；速度极快但容量有限。
Secondary storage – non-volatile storage that keeps data permanently, e.g. hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), USB flash drives and optical discs.
辅助存储器——永久保存数据的非易失性存储器，如硬盘 (HDD)、固态硬盘 (SSD)、U盘和光盘。
Volatile vs non-volatile – volatile storage loses data without power (RAM), while non-volatile retains it (SSD, ROM).
易失性与非易失性——易失性存储器断电后数据丢失（如 RAM），非易失性存储器则能保留数据（如 SSD、ROM）。
Cloud storage – online storage accessed via the internet, hosted on remote servers, allowing files to be stored and shared without using local drive space.
云存储——通过互联网访问的在线存储，由远程服务器托管，无需占用本地硬盘空间即可存储和共享文件。
4. Software Categories | 软件分类
System software – programs that manage and control hardware so that application software can work; includes operating systems (e.g. Windows, macOS, Linux) and utility programs.
系统软件——管理和控制硬件以使应用软件能够运行的程序；包括操作系统（如 Windows、macOS、Linux）和实用工具程序。
Application software – programs that help users perform specific tasks, such as word processors, web browsers, games and spreadsheet tools.
应用软件——帮助用户执行特定任务的程序，如文字处理、网页浏览器、游戏和电子表格工具。
Operating system (OS) – the core system software that provides a user interface, manages files, memory and processes, and handles input/output.
操作系统 (OS)——核心系统软件，提供用户界面，管理文件、内存和进程，并处理输入/输出。
Proprietary vs open source – proprietary software is owned by a company with restricted access to its source code (e.g. Microsoft Office); open-source software can be freely used, modified and shared (e.g. LibreOffice, Python).
专有与开源——专有软件由公司拥有，源代码受限制（如 Microsoft Office）；开源软件可以自由使用、修改和共享（如 LibreOffice、Python）。
5. Data Units and Representation | 数据单位与表示
Bit – the smallest unit of data in a computer, a single binary digit (0 or 1).
比特 (bit)——计算机中数据的最小单位，一个二进制位（0 或 1）。
Byte – a group of 8 bits, commonly used to represent one character of text.
字节 (byte)——由 8 个比特组成的组，通常用于表示一个文本字符。
| Unit | Equivalent |
|---|---|
| 1 kilobyte (KB) | 1024 bytes |
| 1 megabyte (MB) | 1024 KB |
| 1 gigabyte (GB) | 1024 MB |
| 1 terabyte (TB) | 1024 GB |
Binary – a base-2 number system using only 0 and 1, used by computers to represent all types of data.
二进制——一种仅使用 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数字系统，计算机用它表示所有类型的数据。
Character set – a defined list of characters recognised by the computer hardware and software; ASCII and Unicode are two common examples.
字符集——计算机硬件和软件可识别的字符列表；ASCII 和 Unicode 是两个常见例子。
6. Networks, Internet and WWW | 网络、互联网与万维网
Network – two or more computers connected together to share resources and data.
网络——两台或多台计算机连接在一起以共享资源和数据。
LAN (Local Area Network) – a network covering a small geographical area, such as a school or home.
LAN（局域网）——覆盖较小地理区域的网络，如学校或家庭。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – a network that spans a large area, often connecting multiple LANs; the internet is the largest WAN.
WAN（广域网）——跨越较大范围的网络，通常连接多个局域网；互联网是最大的广域网。
Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses TCP/IP protocols.
互联网——使用 TCP/IP 协议的全球互连计算机网络系统。
World Wide Web (WWW) – a collection of webpages accessed via the internet using a browser; note that the internet and the web are not the same thing.
万维网 (WWW)——通过浏览器经由互联网访问的网页集合；注意互联网和万维网并不相同。
Router – a networking device that forwards data packets between networks, directing internet traffic to the correct destination.
路由器——在网络之间转发数据包的网络设备，将互联网流量引导至正确的目的地。
7. Network Protocols and Addressing | 网络协议与寻址
Protocol – a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted and received across a network.
协议——规定数据如何在网络上传输和接收的一套规则。
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) – the fundamental suite of protocols that enables reliable delivery of data over the internet.
TCP/IP（传输控制协议/互联网协议）——确保数据在互联网上可靠传输的基本协议族。
HTTP / HTTPS – HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure) is used for transferring web pages; HTTPS adds encryption via SSL/TLS for security.
HTTP / HTTPS——超文本传输协议（安全版）用于传输网页；HTTPS 通过 SSL/TLS 加密以保障安全。
IP address – a unique numerical label assigned to every device connected to a network using the Internet Protocol; e.g. 192.168.1.10 (IPv4).
IP 地址——为每个使用互联网协议连接到网络的设备分配的唯一数字标签；例如 192.168.1.10（IPv4）。
MAC address – a hardware identification number unique to a network interface card, assigned by the manufacturer.
MAC 地址——网络接口卡唯一的硬件识别号，由制造商分配。
8. Algorithms and Core Programming Concepts | 算法与核心编程概念
Algorithm – a step-by-step sequence of instructions to solve a problem or perform a task.
算法——为解决某个问题或完成某项任务而编写的一步一步的指令序列。
Sequence – the order in which instructions are executed, one after another.
顺序——指令执行的次序，一个接一个地执行。
Selection – making a decision in a program, typically using if-else statements, to run different code based on conditions.
选择——在程序中进行决策，通常使用 if-else 语句，根据条件运行不同的代码。
Iteration (loop) – repeating a block of code multiple times; can be count-controlled (for loop) or condition-controlled (while loop).
迭代（循环）——多次重复执行一段代码；可以是计数控制（for 循环）或条件控制（while 循环）。
Variable – a named storage location in memory that holds a value which can change while the program runs.
变量——内存中命名的存储位置，存放一个在程序运行期间可以改变的值。
Constant – a named storage location whose value does not change once assigned.
常量——命名的存储位置，其值一旦赋值后不再改变。
9. Computational Thinking Skills | 计算思维技能
Decomposition – breaking a complex problem down into smaller, more manageable parts.
分解——将一个复杂问题拆分为更小、更易于处理的部分。
Pattern recognition – identifying similarities or trends within problems, which can make them easier to solve.
模式识别——找出问题中的相似性或趋势，从而使问题更容易解决。
Abstraction – removing unnecessary details to focus on the important features when designing a solution.
抽象——在设计解决方案时，去除不必要的细节，专注于重要特征。
Algorithmic thinking – a logical way of approaching problems and developing step-by-step solutions.
算法思维——一种逻辑化处理问题并设计逐步解决方案的方式。
10. Cybersecurity and Staying Safe Online | 网络安全与在线安全
Malware – short for malicious software; includes viruses, worms, trojans and spyware designed to damage or gain unauthorised access to systems.
恶意软件 (Malware)——恶意软件的简称；包括病毒、蠕虫、特洛伊木马和间谍软件，旨在破坏或未经授权访问系统。
Phishing – a social engineering attack where fraudulent emails or messages trick users into revealing personal information.
网络钓鱼——一种社会工程攻击，通过伪造的电子邮件或消息诱骗用户泄露个人信息。
Firewall – a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined rules.
防火墙——一种安全系统，根据预定规则监控并控制进出的网络流量。
Encryption – the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext so that only authorised parties can read it.
加密——将明文转换为密文，使得只有授权方能阅读的过程。
Password hygiene – practices such as using long, complex passwords, not reusing them, and enabling two-factor authentication.
密码卫生——使用长且复杂的密码、不重复使用密码，并启用双因素认证等良好实践。
11. Emerging Technologies and Digital Citizenship | 新兴技术与数字公民
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behaviour, e.g. voice assistants and recommendation systems.
人工智能 (AI)——机器模仿人类智能行为的能力，如语音助手和推荐系统。
Internet of Things (IoT) – a network of physical objects embedded with sensors and software to connect and exchange data over the internet.
物联网 (IoT)——嵌入了传感器和软件的物理对象网络，通过互联网连接并交换数据。
Digital footprint – the trail of data you leave when using the internet, including websites visited, posts made and information shared.
数字足迹——你使用互联网时留下的数据痕迹，包括访问过的网站、发布的帖子和共享的信息。
Copyright – a legal right that protects the creator’s original work, giving them control over how it is used and distributed.
版权——保护创作者原创作品的法律权利，使其能控制作品的使用和分发方式。
Plagiarism – using someone else’s work or ideas without proper acknowledgment and presenting them as your own.
剽窃——未经适当标注而使用他人的作品或想法，并将其作为自己的成果展示。
12. Boolean Logic and Operators | 布尔逻辑与运算符
Boolean – a data type that can only hold one of two values: true or false (often represented as 1 and 0 in binary).
布尔值——一种只能取两个值之一的数据类型：真或假（在二进制中常以 1 和 0 表示）。
AND operator – returns true only when both conditions are true.
AND 运算符——仅当两个条件都为真时才返回真。
OR operator – returns true when at least one condition is true.
OR 运算符——只要至少有一个条件为真就返回真。
NOT operator – reverses the Boolean value; true becomes false and vice versa.
NOT 运算符——反转布尔值；真变为假，反之亦然。
Truth table example: A AND B
真值表示例：A AND B
| A | B | A AND B |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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