Year 8 AQA PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 8 AQA PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 AQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

This guide helps Year 8 students master the essential vocabulary and terminology required for the AQA Physical Education curriculum. Each section pairs key English terms with clear, concise Chinese explanations, reinforcing both understanding and memory. Use the tables and bullet points to review definitions, examples, and connections between concepts, making revision efficient and effective.

本指南帮助八年级学生掌握 AQA 体育课程所必需的核心词汇与术语。每个部分将关键英文术语与清晰、简洁的中文解释配对，强化理解与记忆。使用表格和要点清单复习定义、示例以及概念之间的联系，让复习既高效又有成效。

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1. Anatomy and Physiology Basics | 解剖与生理学基础

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, while physiology explores how these structures function during movement. Learning these terms builds a foundation for all other topics.

解剖学是研究身体结构的学科，而生理学则探索这些结构在运动中如何发挥功能。学习这些术语为所有其他主题奠定了基础。

• Anatomical Position – The standard reference posture: upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward. This ensures consistent description of body parts.
• 解剖学姿势 – 标准参考姿势：直立、面向前方、双臂垂于体侧、掌心向前。这确保了对身体部位的描述一致。
• Anterior / Posterior – Anterior means towards the front of the body (e.g., the quadriceps are anterior on the thigh), while posterior means towards the back (e.g., the hamstrings are posterior).
• 前侧 / 后侧 – 前侧指朝向身体前方（例如股四头肌位于大腿前侧），后侧指朝向后方（例如腘绳肌位于后侧）。
• Medial / Lateral – Medial refers to being closer to the midline of the body (e.g., the big toe is medial), lateral means further from the midline (e.g., the little toe is lateral).
• 内侧 / 外侧 – 内侧指更靠近身体中线（例如大脚趾在内侧），外侧指远离中线（例如小脚趾在外侧）。
• Superior / Inferior – Superior means above or towards the head (e.g., the chest is superior to the abdomen), inferior means below or towards the feet (e.g., the knee is inferior to the hip).
• 上 / 下 – 上方或朝向头部（例如胸部在腹部之上），下方或朝向足部（例如膝关节在髋关节之下）。

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2. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语

The skeleton provides support, protection, movement and blood cell production. Know the names and functions of major bones and joints.

骨骼提供支撑、保护、运动以及血细胞生成。要了解主要骨骼和关节的名称与功能。

• Cranium – The skull; protects the brain. (颅骨——保护大脑。)
• Clavicle & Scapula – Collar bone and shoulder blade; together they form the pectoral girdle. (锁骨和肩胛骨；共同构成肩带。)
• Humerus, Radius, Ulna – Upper arm bone and two forearm bones. The radius is on the thumb side. (肱骨、桡骨、尺骨：上臂骨和两块前臂骨。桡骨位于拇指侧。)
• Vertebral Column – The spine; protects the spinal cord and allows torso movement. (脊柱——保护脊髓并允许躯干运动。)
• Femur – Thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone in the body. (股骨——身体中最长、最强壮的骨骼。)
• Tibia & Fibula – Shin bone and the thinner bone beside it. (胫骨和腓骨——小腿的主要骨骼与较细的骨骼。)
• Synovial Joint – A freely movable joint (e.g., knee, shoulder) containing synovial fluid for lubrication. (滑膜关节——可自由活动的关节（如膝关节、肩关节），内含滑液以起润滑作用。)
• Ligament – Tough band connecting bone to bone, stabilising joints. (韧带——连接骨与骨的坚固束带，稳定关节。)
• Tendon – Connects muscle to bone, transmits force for movement. (肌腱——将肌肉连接至骨骼，传递力量以产生运动。)

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3. Muscular System and Movement | 肌肉系统与运动

Muscles work in pairs or groups to create movement at joints. Understanding their roles is crucial for analysing sporting actions.

肌肉成对或成群工作，在关节处产生运动。理解它们的作用对于分析运动动作至关重要。

• Voluntary Muscle – Muscle under conscious control (skeletal muscle) used for sport. (随意肌——受意识控制的肌肉（骨骼肌），用于运动。)
• Antagonistic Pair – Two muscles that work opposite each other; as one contracts (agonist), the other relaxes (antagonist). e.g., biceps and triceps during elbow flexion. (拮抗肌对——两块相互拮抗的肌肉；一块收缩（主动肌）时，另一块放松（拮抗肌）。例如肘屈时的肱二头肌与肱三头肌。)
• Agonist (Prime Mover) – The muscle responsible for creating the movement. In a bicep curl, the biceps brachii is the agonist. (主动肌——负责产生运动的肌肉。在二头弯举中，肱二头肌为主动肌。)
• Fixator – A muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist so it can work efficiently. For example, the rotator cuff muscles fix the shoulder during a throw. (固定肌——稳定主动肌起点的肌肉，使其高效工作。例如，投掷时肩袖肌群固定肩关节。)
• Isotonic Contraction – Muscle changes length while producing tension; includes concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) phases. (等张收缩——肌肉产生张力时长度改变；包括向心收缩（缩短）和离心收缩（拉长）。)
• Isometric Contraction – Muscle tension without a change in length, e.g., holding a plank pose. (等长收缩——肌肉产生张力但长度不变，例如平板支撑。)

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4. Cardiovascular System Vocabulary | 心血管系统词汇

The heart, blood and blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and remove waste products. Key terms describe this transport network.

心脏、血液和血管将氧气与营养物质输送至工作肌肉，并带走废物。关键术语描述了这个运输网络。

• Heart Rate (HR) – Number of heartbeats per minute (bpm). Resting HR averages 60–80 bpm for teenagers. (心率——每分钟心跳次数。青少年安静心率通常为 60–80 次/分。)
• Stroke Volume (SV) – The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Increases with fitness. (每搏输出量——左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。体适能越好，该值越大。)
• Cardiac Output (Q) – lood pumped by the heart per minute. Q = HR × SV. This rises dramatically during exercise. (心输出量——心脏每分钟泵出的血量。Q = 心率 × 每搏输出量。运动中该值大幅上升。)
• Arteries / Veins / Capillaries – Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery); veins return deoxygenated blood; capillaries are tiny exchange vessels. (动脉 / 静脉 / 毛细血管——动脉将含氧血运离心脏（肺动脉除外）；静脉运回缺氧血；毛细血管是微小的交换血管。)
• Blood Pressure – The force exerted by blood against artery walls. Systolic pressure (during contraction) over diastolic (during relaxation). (血压——血液对动脉壁的压力。收缩压（心脏收缩时）与舒张压（舒张时）的比值。)
• Red Blood Cells – Contain haemoglobin, which binds oxygen for transport. (红细胞——含有血红蛋白，可结合氧气进行运输。)

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5. Respiratory System Essentials | 呼吸系统要点

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. Understanding gas exchange and lung volumes aids in analysing performance.

呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。理解气体交换和肺容量有助于分析运动表现。

• Tidal Volume – The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. Increases during exercise. (潮气量——平静呼吸时每次吸入或呼出的空气量。运动中增加。)
• Vital Capacity – The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation. (肺活量——最大吸气后尽力呼出的最大气量。)
• Minute Ventilation (VE) – ume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute. VE = tidal volume × respiratory rate. (每分通气量——每分钟进出肺部的空气量。每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。)
• Alveoli – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses into blood, carbon dioxide diffuses out. (肺泡——肺部微小的气囊，气体交换在此进行。氧气扩散入血，二氧化碳扩散排出。)
• Diaphragm – Dome-shaped muscle that flattens during inhalation, increasing chest volume and drawing air in. (膈肌——穹顶形的肌肉，吸气时变平，增加胸腔容积并吸入空气。)
• Oxygen Debt / EPOC – The extra oxygen consumed after strenuous exercise to restore the body to its resting state. Often still called oxygen debt at Year 8. (氧债 / 运动后过量氧耗——剧烈运动后额外消耗的氧气，用于使身体恢复至安静状态。八年级常沿用氧债这一说法。)

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6. Health, Fitness and Well-being | 健康、体适能与幸福

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Fitness relates to the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Distinguishing these concepts is a common exam requirement.

健康是一种身体、心理和社交完全安好的状态。体适能则关系到满足环境需求的能力。区分这些概念是考试中的常见要求。

• Health – A holistic condition, not merely the absence of disease. (健康——一种全方位的状态，不仅仅是没有疾病。)
• Fitness – The capability to perform physical activity; can be split into health-related and skill-related components. (体适能——执行身体活动的能力；可划分为健康相关和技能相关要素。)
• Sedentary Lifestyle – A way of life with little physical activity, linked to obesity, heart disease and poor mental health. (久坐生活方式——身体活动极少的生活方式，与肥胖、心脏病和较差的心里健康有关。)
• Well-being – A positive state felt by a person, influenced by physical, emotional and social factors. (幸福——个人感受到的积极状态，受身体、情绪和社交因素影响。)
• BMI (Body Mass Index) – A rough indicator of whether a person’s weight is healthy for their height. Calculated as weight (kg) ÷ height² (m²). (身体质量指数——粗略衡量体重是否相对于身高健康的指标。计算公式：体重 (kg) ÷ 身高² (m²)。)
• Obesity – Having excessive body fat that risks health; often defined by a very high BMI. (肥胖——体内脂肪过多，危及健康；常通过过高的 BMI 来界定。)

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7. Components of Fitness | 体适能要素

Fitness components are divided into health-related (important for everyday health) and skill-related (important for sports performance). Each component has a specific definition.

体适能要素分为健康相关（对日常健康重要）和技能相关（对运动表现重要）。每个要素都有明确的定义。

English Term	中文术语	Definition / 定义
Aerobic Endurance	有氧耐力	Ability of the cardiorespiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained activity. / 心肺系统在持续活动时供氧的能力。
Muscular Endurance	肌肉耐力	Ability of a muscle group to repeat contractions without fatigue. / 肌群重复收缩而不疲劳的能力。
Flexibility	柔韧性	Range of movement around a joint. / 关节的活动范围。
Speed	速度	Ability to move the body or body parts quickly. / 身体或身体部位快速移动的能力。
Power	爆发力	Combination of strength and speed (Power = Force × Velocity). / 力量与速度的结合（爆发力 = 力量 × 速度）。
Agility	敏捷性	Ability to change direction at speed. / 快速改变方向的能力。
Balance	平衡	Maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support. / 保持重心在支撑面上方。
Coordination	协调性	Ability to use two or more body parts smoothly together. / 流畅地同时使用两个或多个身体部位的能力。
Reaction Time	反应时	Time taken to respond to a stimulus. / 对刺激作出反应所需的时间。

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8. Principles of Training (SPORT & FITT) | 训练原则（SPORT 与 FITT）

Effective training programmes follow well-established principles that ensure progression and avoid injury. Two easy acronyms – SPORT and FITT – help you remember these terms.

有效的训练计划遵循成熟的原则以确保进步并避免损伤。两个简易的英文缩略词——SPORT 和 FITT——能助你记住这些术语。

• Specificity – Training must be matched to the demands of the sport or goal. (特异性——训练必须与运动项目或目标的要求相匹配。)
• Progression – Gradually increasing the workload as the body adapts. (渐进性——随着身体适应逐步增加负荷。)
• Overload – Exercising at a level beyond normal to promote physiological gains. Must be carefully managed. (超负荷——以高于常态的水平进行锻炼以促进生理适应。必须谨慎把握。)
• Reversibility – Fitness gains are lost when training stops or reduces significantly. (可逆性——训练停止或大幅减少时，体适能提升会消退。)
• Tedium (variety) – Boredom from repeating the same exercises; overcome by introducing variety. (单调性（多样性）——重复相同练习产生的厌烦情绪；通过引入多样性来克服。)
• FITT Principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type – cy = how often; Intensity = how hard; Time = how long; Type = what kind of exercise. (FITT 原则：频率、强度、时间、类型——应用超负荷的框架。频率 = 多久一次；强度 = 多难；时间 = 多久；类型 = 何种运动。)

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9. Methods of Training | 训练方法

Different training methods develop different fitness components. Year 8 students should be able to name the method and describe its main features.

不同的训练方法发展不同的体适能要素。八年级学生应能说出方法名称并描述其主要特征。

• Continuous Training – Sustained, steady-state exercise without rest periods, e.g., jogging for 30 minutes. Develops aerobic endurance. (持续训练——持续、稳态的练习，没有休息间歇，例如慢跑 30 分钟。发展有氧耐力。)
• Interval Training – Alternating periods of high-intensity effort and recovery. Improves speed and cardiovascular fitness. (间歇训练——高强度努力与恢复交替进行。提高速度和心血管体适能。)
• Circuit Training – A sequence of exercises (stations) performed for a set time or repetitions. Builds muscular endurance and can include aerobic stations. (循环训练——按顺序完成一系列练习（站点），每站计时或计数。增强肌肉耐力，也可包含有氧站点。)
• Fartlek Training – ‘Speed play’ – varying pace and terrain, blending continuous and interval styles. Good for games players. (法特莱克训练——‘速度游戏’——不断变化速度和地形，融合持续与间歇风格。适合球类运动员。)
• Weight Training – Using free weights or machines to improve muscular strength or endurance. Repetitions and sets are key variables. (负重训练——使用自由重量或器械来提高肌肉力量或耐力。重复次数和组数是关键变量。)
• Plyometric Training – Explosive movements like bounding and jumping to develop power. Requires a good strength base first. (超等长训练——爆发性动作，如弹跳和跳跃，以发展爆发力。需先有良好的力量基础。)

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10. Movement Analysis and Planes | 动作分析与运动平面

Describing movement precisely requires terms for actions at joints and the planes in which they occur. This vocabulary is common in practical assessments.

精准描述运动需要使用描述关节动作及其发生平面的术语。这类词汇在实操评估中十分常见。

• Flexion / Extension – Decreasing / increasing the angle at a joint. For example, bending the elbow (flexion) and straightening it (extension). (屈 / 伸——减少 / 增加关节角度。例如，屈肘（屈）和伸肘（伸）。)
• Abduction / Adduction – Moving a body part away from / towards the midline. Lifting the arm sideways is abduction. (外展 / 内收——使身体部位远离 / 靠近中线。手臂侧举即为外展。)
• Rotation – Turning around an axis. Medial rotation turns inward, lateral rotation turns outward. (旋转——围绕轴转动。内旋转向内侧，外旋转向外侧。)
• Plantarflexion / Dorsiflexion – Pointing the toes down (plantarflexion) and pulling toes up towards the shin (dorsiflexion). (跖屈 / 背屈——脚尖向下（跖屈）和脚尖朝向胫骨勾起（背屈）。)
• Sagittal Plane – Divides the body into left and right; forward and backward movements like running occur here. (矢状面——将身体分为左右两部分；跑步等前后方向的运动在此平面发生。)
• Frontal Plane – Divides the body into front and back; sideways movements like jumping jacks are frontal plane actions. (额状面——将身体分为前后两部分；开合跳等侧向运动属于额状面动作。)
• Transverse Plane – Divides the body into top and bottom; rotational movements like a discus throw occur in this plane. (水平面——将身体分为上下两部分；铁饼投掷等旋转运动在此平面发生。)

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11. Nutrition and Hydration for Sport | 运动营养与补水

A balanced diet provides the energy and nutrients needed for growth, repair and performance. Hydration is equally critical, especially during exercise.

均衡的饮食为生长、修复和运动表现提供所需的能量与营养素。补水同样至关重要，尤其是在运动期间。

• Macronutrients: Carbohydrates (main fuel for exercise, stored as glycogen), proteins (muscle growth and repair), fats (slow-release energy and insulation). (宏量营养素：碳水化合物（运动主要燃料，以糖原形式储存）、蛋白质（肌肉生长与修复）、脂肪（缓慢释放的能量及保温绝缘）。)
• Carbohydrate Loading – Strategy used by endurance athletes to maximise glycogen stores before an event. (糖原负荷法——耐力运动员在赛前最大化糖原储存的策略。)
• Micronutrients – Vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts. Calcium (bone health), iron (oxygen transport). (微量营养素——所需量微小的维生素与矿物质。钙（骨骼健康）、铁（氧气运输）。)
• Dehydration – Excessive water loss that impairs performance; even 2% body water loss can reduce endurance. (脱水——身体水分过多流失，损害运动表现；即使仅流失 2% 体重的水分，也会降低耐力。)
• Hydration before, during, after exercise – Drink water regularly; isotonic sports drinks can help during prolonged intense activity. (运动前、中、后补水——规律饮水；长时间高强度运动中，等渗运动饮料能有所帮助。)
• Energy Balance – Energy intake from food versus energy expenditure. A surplus causes weight gain, a deficit causes weight loss. (能量平衡——食物摄入的能量与能量消耗之间的关系。正平衡导致增重，负平衡导致减重。)

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12. Skill Acquisition and Feedback | 技能习得与反馈

Learning and improving sports skills involves understanding types of skill, practice methods and the role of feedback. This area links physical performance with cognitive learning.

学习和提高运动技能涉及理解技能类型、练习方法以及反馈的作用。该领域将身体表现与认知学习联系起来。

• Open Skill / Closed Skill – Open skills are performed in unpredictable environments (e.g., dribbling past defenders). Closed skills are performed in stable, predictable settings (e.g., a free throw in basketball). (开放式技能 / 封闭式技能——开放式技能在不可预测的环境中进行（如带球过防守者）。封闭式技能在稳定、可预测的环境中进行（如篮球罚球）。)
• Gross Skill / Fine Skill – Gross skills involve large muscle groups (e.g., kicking a ball). Fine skills involve small, precise movements (e.g., dart throwing). (粗大技能 / 精细技能——粗大技能动用大肌群（如踢球）。精细技能涉及微小、精确的动作（如掷飞镖）。)
• Feedback – Intrinsic / Extrinsic – Intrinsic feedback comes from the performer's own senses (feeling a good shot). Extrinsic feedback comes from external sources (coach's comments, video analysis). (反馈——内在 / 外在反馈：内在反馈来自运动员自身的感受（感觉投得不错）。外在反馈来自外部来源（教练点评、视频分析）。)
• Knowledge of Results / Knowledge of Performance – Result feedback tells you the outcome (e.g., the score). Performance feedback tells you about the quality of the movement (e.g., your follow-through). (结果认知 / 表现认知——结果反馈告知结果（如得分）。表现反馈告知动作质量（如随挥动作）。)
• Whole Practice / Part Practice – Whole practice involves performing the entire skill as a whole (useful for simple, continuous skills). Part practice breaks the skill into sections (useful for complex or dangerous skills). (整体练习 / 分解练习——整体练习是将完整技能整体执行（适用于简单、连贯的技能）。分解练习将技能分为若干部分（适用于复杂或危险的技能）。)

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