📚 Year 8 OCR Biology: Vocabulary Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 OCR 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in biology starts with mastering the key vocabulary. In Year 8 OCR Science, you will encounter many new terms that describe cells, body systems, and life processes. This guide groups essential terms by topic and gives you clear definitions alongside proven memorisation tricks to help you remember them quickly and confidently.
建立扎实的生物学基础，首先要掌握关键术语。在 Year 8 OCR 科学课程中，你会遇到许多描述细胞、身体系统和生命过程的新词汇。本指南按主题将核心术语分组，给出清晰的定义，并分享经过验证的记诵技巧，帮助你快速而自信地记住它们。
1. Basic Building Blocks: Cells and Organelles | 基础构建块：细胞与细胞器
All living organisms are made of cells. Understanding the parts of a cell – called organelles – is the first step in biology. Most animal and plant cells share structures such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria, but plant cells have unique additions like a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts.
所有生物都由细胞构成。理解细胞的各个部分（即细胞器）是学习生物学的第一步。大多数动物和植物细胞共有细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核和线粒体等结构，但植物细胞还额外拥有细胞壁、大液泡和叶绿体等独特构造。
- Cell membrane – a thin layer that surrounds the cell and controls which substances enter and leave.
细胞膜 – 包裹细胞的薄层，控制物质的进出。 - Cytoplasm – a jelly-like liquid where most chemical reactions take place.
细胞质 – 果冻状的液体，大多数化学反应在此发生。 - Nucleus – the control centre that contains genetic material (DNA) and regulates cell activities.
细胞核 – 控制中心，含有遗传物质 (DNA)，并调节细胞活动。 - Mitochondria – tiny structures where aerobic respiration occurs, releasing energy for the cell.
线粒体 – 微小的结构，有氧呼吸在此进行，为细胞释放能量。 - Chloroplasts – green organelles found in plant cells that absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿体 – 植物细胞中发现的绿色细胞器，吸收光能进行光合作用。 - Cell wall – a rigid layer outside the cell membrane in plant cells that provides support and shape.
细胞壁 – 植物细胞细胞膜外部的刚性层，提供支撑和形状。 - Vacuole – a large central space in plant cells filled with cell sap, which helps keep the cell firm.
液泡 – 植物细胞中充满细胞液的大中央空间，有助于保持细胞坚挺。
2. From Cells to Systems: Levels of Organisation | 从细胞到系统：组织层次
Cells work together to keep organisms alive. In multicellular organisms, specialised cells group together to form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems. Recognising these levels of organisation helps you understand how complex structures are built.
细胞协同工作以维持生物体的生命。在多细胞生物中，特化的细胞聚集形成组织，组织形成器官，器官再在器官系统中协同工作。认识这些组织层次有助于你理解复杂结构是如何构成的。
- Tissue – a group of similar cells that carry out the same function, such as muscle tissue.
组织 – 一组执行相同功能的相似细胞，例如肌肉组织。 - Organ – a structure made of different tissues working together for a specific job, e.g. the stomach or heart.
器官 – 由不同组织共同工作以实现特定功能的结构，例如胃或心脏。 - Organ system – a group of organs that coordinate to perform a major life process, e.g. the digestive system.
器官系统 – 一组协调完成主要生命过程的器官，例如消化系统。 - Organism – a complete living individual that can carry out all life processes.
生物体 – 一个能够进行所有生命过程的完整生命个体。
3. Digestive System: Breaking Down Food | 消化系统：分解食物
The digestive system is a long muscular tube that breaks large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Each organ plays a specialised role, and enzymes speed up the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
消化系统是一条长长的肌性管道，它把大的不溶性分子分解成小的可溶性分子，以便被血液吸收。每个器官都扮演着特定的角色，而酶则加速了碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪的消化。
- Mouth – where food is chewed and mixed with saliva containing the enzyme amylase to start breaking down starch.
口腔 – 食物被嚼碎并与含有淀粉酶的唾液混合，开始分解淀粉。 - Oesophagus – the tube that pushes food from the mouth to the stomach using muscular contractions (peristalsis).
食道 – 利用肌肉收缩（蠕动）将食物从口腔推进到胃的管道。 - Stomach – a muscular sac where food is churned with acid and protease enzymes begin protein digestion.
胃 – 肌肉囊袋，食物在这里与胃酸搅动，蛋白酶开始消化蛋白质。 - Small intestine – a long tube where most digestion is completed and the products of digestion are absorbed into the blood.
小肠 – 一条长管，大部分消化在此完成，消化产物被吸收进血液。 - Liver – produces bile, which helps break down fats and neutralises stomach acid.
肝脏 – 分泌胆汁，帮助分解脂肪并中和胃酸。 - Pancreas – releases digestive enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) into the small intestine.
胰腺 – 向小肠释放消化酶（淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶）。 - Amylase – enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars.
淀粉酶 – 将淀粉分解成糖类的酶。 - Protease – enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids.
蛋白酶 – 将蛋白质分解成氨基酸的酶。 - Lipase – enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
脂肪酶 – 将脂肪分解成脂肪酸和甘油的酶。
4. Circulatory System: Transport Around the Body | 循环系统：体内运输
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body. Learning the structures and functions of each part is crucial for understanding how the body stays healthy.
循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成。它将氧气、营养物质、激素和废物运送到全身。了解每个部分的结构和功能对于理解身体如何保持健康至关重要。
- Heart – a muscular organ that pumps blood around the body through regular contractions.
心脏 – 通过有规律的收缩将血液泵送至全身的肌肉器官。 - Arteries – thick-walled blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.
动脉 – 厚壁的血管，将血液在高压下从心脏输送出去。 - Veins – blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, often containing valves to prevent backflow.
静脉 – 将血液送回心脏的血管，通常含有瓣膜以防止倒流。 - Capillaries – tiny, thin-walled vessels where exchange of substances with cells occurs.
毛细血管 – 微小、薄壁的血管，与细胞发生物质交换。 - Red blood cells – contain haemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues.
红细胞 – 含有血红蛋白，将氧气从肺部运送到组织。 - White blood cells – part of the immune system that defends against pathogens.
白细胞 – 免疫系统的一部分，抵御病原体。 - Platelets – cell fragments that help blood clot at wound sites.
血小板 – 帮助血液在伤口处凝固的细胞碎片。 - Plasma – the yellowish liquid that carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones and waste products.
血浆 – 淡黄色液体，携带血细胞、营养物质、激素和废物。
5. Respiratory System and Energy Release | 呼吸系统与能量释放
Breathing brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide, but cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food. Understanding the organs of the respiratory system and the aerobic respiration equation is fundamental in Year 8 Biology.
呼吸将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳，但细胞呼吸是真正从食物中释放能量的过程。理解呼吸系统器官以及有氧呼吸方程式是 Year 8 生物学的基础内容。
- Trachea – the windpipe that carries air from the throat to the lungs.
气管 – 将空气从咽喉运送到肺部的管道。 - Bronchi – two branches of the trachea that enter each lung.
支气管 – 气管分成的两个分支，进入两肺。 - Bronchioles – smaller airways that branch from the bronchi and end in air sacs.
细支气管 – 从支气管分支出的较小气道，末端为肺泡。 - Alveoli – tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place; oxygen diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
肺泡 – 微小的气囊，气体交换在此进行；氧气扩散入血液，二氧化碳扩散出。 - Diaphragm – a dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that helps change the volume of the chest during breathing.
膈肌 – 肺下穹顶状的肌肉，帮助在呼吸时改变胸腔容积。
The word equation for aerobic respiration sums up how cells release energy. Memorise it in symbols to be precise.
有氧呼吸的文字方程式总结了细胞如何释放能量。用化学式精确记诵。
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
Aerobic respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP).
有氧呼吸利用葡萄糖和氧气产生二氧化碳、水和能量 (ATP)。
6. Human Reproduction: Life Cycle Keywords | 人类生殖：生命周期关键词
Reproduction is the process by which organisms produce offspring. In humans, sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a new individual. Learning the names and functions of the reproductive organs is essential.
生殖是生物体产生后代的过程。在人类中，有性生殖涉及男性和女性配子的融合以形成新个体。学习生殖器官的名称和功能至关重要。
- Testes – male organ that produces sperm and the hormone testosterone.
睾丸 – 产生精子和雄性激素睾酮的男性器官。 - Sperm duct – tube that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra.
输精管 – 将精子从睾丸运送到尿道的管道。 - Ovaries – female organs that produce egg cells (ova) and hormones.
卵巢 – 产生卵细胞和激素的女性器官。 - Oviduct (fallopian tube) – tube where fertilisation usually occurs; carries the egg to the uterus.
输卵管 – 通常发生受精的管道；将卵子运送到子宫。 - Uterus – muscular organ where a fertilised egg implants and develops into a foetus.
子宫 – 肌肉器官，受精卵在此着床并发育成胎儿。 - Fertilisation – the fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus to form a zygote.
受精 – 精子细胞核与卵细胞核融合形成受精卵的过程。 - Embryo – early stage of development after implantation, before major organs have formed.
胚胎 – 着床后、主要器官形成前的早期发育阶段。 - Placenta – organ that exchanges nutrients, oxygen and waste between mother and foetus.
胎盘 – 在母体和胎儿之间交换营养、氧气和废物的器官。
7. Skeletal and Muscular Systems: Support and Movement | 骨骼与肌肉系统：支撑与运动
The skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs and allows movement. Muscles work in pairs across joints to move bones. Understanding these key terms helps you explain how we move and why our skeleton is so important.
骨骼支撑身体、保护内脏器官并允许运动。肌肉成对地跨关节拉动骨骼。理解这些关键术语有助于你解释我们如何运动以及为何骨骼如此重要。
- Skeleton – the framework of bones that gives shape, support and protection.
骨骼 – 赋予形状、提供支撑和保护的骨框架。 - Joint – a place where two or more bones meet; most allow movement, such as hinge and ball-and-socket joints.
关节 – 两块或更多骨头的连接处；大多数允许运动，例如铰链关节和球窝关节。 - Ligaments – strong bands of tissue that connect bone to bone, stabilising joints.
韧带 – 连接骨与骨的强韧组织带，稳定关节。 - Tendons – cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone.
肌腱 – 将肌肉附着于骨骼的组织索。 - Antagonistic muscles – muscles that work in pairs to move a joint; one contracts while the other relaxes.
拮抗肌 – 成对工作以移动关节的肌肉；一块收缩，另一块放松。 - Biceps and triceps – example of an antagonistic pair at the elbow; biceps contracts to bend the arm, triceps contracts to straighten it.
肱二头肌和肱三头肌 – 肘部拮抗肌对例子；肱二头肌收缩使手臂弯曲，肱三头肌收缩使手臂伸直。
8. Microbes and Defence Against Disease | 微生物与疾病防御
Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi can cause diseases. The body has several lines of defence, including white blood cells and vaccinations, to protect against pathogens. Knowing the vocabulary around infection and immunity will help you understand health topics.
细菌、病毒和真菌等微生物会引起疾病。人体有包括白细胞和疫苗接种在内的多道防线来抵御病原体。熟悉感染和免疫相关的词汇将帮助你理解健康主题。
- Pathogen – a microorganism that causes disease, e.g. a bacterium or virus.
病原体 – 引起疾病的微生物，例如细菌或病毒。 - Bacteria – single-celled organisms that can multiply quickly; some release toxins.
细菌 – 单细胞生物，能快速繁殖；有些会释放毒素。 - Virus – a tiny pathogen that invades host cells to reproduce, much smaller than bacteria.
病毒 – 微小的病原体，侵入宿主细胞以繁殖，比细菌小得多。 - Fungus – a type of microbe that includes yeasts and moulds; some can cause infections such as athlete's foot.
真菌 – 包括酵母和霉菌在内的一类微生物；有些可引起如脚气等感染。 - White blood cells – engulf pathogens, produce antibodies and create memory cells for long-term immunity.
白细胞 – 吞噬病原体、产生抗体，并生成记忆细胞以实现长期免疫。 - Antibody – a protein produced by white blood cells that locks onto a specific pathogen's surface.
抗体 – 白细胞产生的蛋白质，能锁定特定病原体的表面。 - Vaccination – an injection containing weakened or dead pathogens to stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells.
疫苗接种 – 注射含有弱化或灭活病原体的制剂，以刺激免疫系统产生记忆细胞。
9. Photosynthesis and Plant Transport | 光合作用与植物运输
Plants make their own food through photosynthesis, a process that converts light energy into chemical energy. The products of photosynthesis are transported around the plant using specialised tissues. Understanding the formula and the roles of xylem and phloem is a key part of plant biology.
植物通过光合作用制造自己的食物，这一过程将光能转化为化学能。光合作用的产物利用特化组织在植物体内运输。理解光合作用的化学式以及木质部和韧皮部的作用是植物生物学的关键内容。
- Photosynthesis – the process by which plants use light energy to combine carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
光合作用 – 植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水合成为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。 - Chloroplasts – organelles containing the green pigment chlorophyll, which captures light energy.
叶绿体 – 含有绿色色素叶绿素的细胞器，捕获光能。 - Stomata – tiny openings on the underside of leaves that allow gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out).
气孔 – 叶片下表面的微小开口，允许气体交换（CO₂ 进，O₂ 出）。 - Xylem – plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to the leaves.
木质部 – 将水和溶解矿物质从根部运输到叶片的植物组织。 - Phloem – tissue that transports glucose and other food substances made in the leaves to all parts of the plant.
韧皮部 – 将叶片制造的葡萄糖和其他养分运输至植物所有部分的组织。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
The photosynthesis equation shows that six molecules of carbon dioxide plus six molecules of water, using light energy, produce one molecule of glucose plus six molecules of oxygen.
光合作用方程式显示，六个二氧化碳分子加上六个水分子，利用光能，生成一个葡萄糖分子和六个氧气分子。
10. Memory Hacks for Biology Terms | 生物术语记忆技巧
Many biology words share Greek or Latin roots. Learning common prefixes and suffixes will help you decode unfamiliar terms. Combine these root knowledge with visual and physical memory techniques to make vocabulary stick.
许多生物学词汇共享希腊语或拉丁语词根。学习常见的前缀和后缀能帮助你解码不熟悉的术语。将这些词根知识与视觉和动作记忆技巧结合，能让词汇记得更牢。
- 'Cyto-/'cell' root : cytoplasm, cytology, cytoskeleton – always refer to cells.
“细胞”词根 cyto-：cytoplasm, cytology, cytoskeleton – 始终与细胞相关。 - 'Photo-' meaning light : photosynthesis, photon – think of light-powered processes.
“光”词根 photo-：photosynthesis, photon – 联想到光驱动的过程。 - '-
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