📚 Year 8 AQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | 八年级AQA工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is the foundation of success in Year 8 AQA Engineering. From materials and mechanisms to electronics and design processes, the correct terminology helps you communicate ideas clearly and solve problems effectively. This guide breaks down essential terms into manageable sections, offering definitions and memory tips to boost your confidence.
掌握工程词汇是八年级AQA工程课程成功的基础。从材料、机构到电子电路和设计流程，正确的术语能帮助你清晰表达想法并有效解决问题。本指南将核心术语分成易于记忆的单元，提供定义和记忆技巧，助你提升自信。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性质
In engineering, materials are selected based on their properties to ensure a product performs correctly. Key categories include woods, metals, and plastics, each with distinct working characteristics.
在工程中，材料的选择基于其性能，以确保产品正常工作。主要类别包括木材、金属和塑料，每种都有独特的工作特性。
Hardwood comes from deciduous trees and is often dense and durable, used for furniture or flooring. Examples: oak, beech, mahogany. It is generally harder to work with but offers an attractive finish.
硬木来自落叶树，通常密度大、耐用，用于家具或地板。例如：橡木、山毛榉、桃花心木。硬木加工较困难，但能提供美观的表面。
Softwood is sourced from coniferous trees and tends to be lighter, easier to cut, and more affordable. Pine and cedar are common softwoods used in construction and joinery.
软木来自针叶树，通常更轻、容易切割且价格更低。松木和雪松是建筑和细木工中常用的软木。
Ferrous metals contain iron and are magnetic; they are prone to rust unless coated. Mild steel is a ferrous metal used in car bodies. Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron, such as aluminium and copper, offering corrosion resistance.
黑色金属含铁，具有磁性，若未涂层易生锈。低碳钢用于汽车车身。有色金属不含铁，例如铝和铜，具有耐腐蚀性。
Thermoplastics soften when heated and harden when cooled, allowing them to be reshaped. Acrylic and polythene are common thermoplastics. Thermosetting plastics undergo a chemical change when heated and cannot be remoulded; urea formaldehyde is an example.
热塑性塑料加热时软化、冷却时硬化，可重新塑形。亚克力和聚乙烯是常见热塑性塑料。热固性塑料加热时发生化学变化，不可重塑；脲醛树脂即为一例。
Key properties: Strength – ability to withstand force without breaking. Hardness – resistance to scratching or indentation. Toughness – ability to absorb energy without fracturing. Ductility – can be stretched into a wire.
关键性能：强度——承受力而不破坏的能力。硬度——抵抗划痕或压痕的能力。韧性——吸收能量而不断裂的能力。延展性——可拉伸成丝的能力。
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Understanding forces helps engineers design safe and efficient structures and mechanisms. A force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape.
理解力有助于工程师设计安全高效的结构和机构。力是一种推或拉，可以改变物体的运动或形状。
Tension is a pulling force that stretches a material. Cables in a suspension bridge experience tension.
张力是一种拉伸材料的拉力。悬索桥中的缆绳承受张力。
Compression is a pushing force that squashes a material. Concrete pillars in a building are under compression.
压缩力是一种挤压材料的推力。建筑物中的混凝土柱承受压力。
Torsion is a twisting force, like that applied to a screwdriver when turning a screw.
扭转力是一种扭转的作用力，例如转动螺丝时施加在螺丝刀上的力。
Shear force acts parallel to a surface, causing layers to slide past each other. Scissors use shear force to cut paper.
剪切力平行于表面作用，导致层间滑动。剪刀利用剪切力剪纸。
The equation linking force, mass and acceleration is:
力、质量和加速度的关系式为：
F = m × a
F = m × a
Newton's First Law states that an object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant force. This concept of inertia is fundamental to dynamic systems.
牛顿第一定律指出，如果没有合力作用，物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动。这一惯性概念是动力系统的基础。
3. Mechanisms and Simple Machines | 机构与简单机械
Mechanisms transmit and transform motion and force to make tasks easier. Common simple machines include levers, pulleys, and gears, which are the building blocks of many mechanical systems.
机构传递和转换运动和力，使工作更轻松。常见的简单机械包括杠杆、滑轮和齿轮，它们是许多机械系统的基础。
A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fulcrum. There are three classes, depending on the relative positions of effort, load, and fulcrum. Pliers are an example of a first-class lever.
杠杆是一根绕支点转动的刚性杆。根据施力点、负载和支点的相对位置，杠杆分为三类。钳子是第一类杠杆的例子。
Gears are toothed wheels that mesh together to change speed, torque, or direction. A small gear driving a larger gear increases torque but reduces speed.
齿轮是带有齿的轮子，相互啮合以改变速度、扭矩或方向。小齿轮驱动大齿轮能增大扭矩但降低速度。
A cam and follower mechanism converts rotary motion into linear reciprocating motion. The cam's shape determines the follower's movement pattern.
凸轮和从动件机构将旋转运动转化为线性往复运动。凸轮的形状决定了从动件的运动模式。
Pulleys use a rope or belt around a grooved wheel to lift loads or transmit power. A block and tackle system reduces the effort needed to lift heavy objects.
滑轮利用绳索或皮带在带槽轮上提升负载或传递动力。滑轮组可以减小提升重物所需的力。
A linkage is a series of rigid bars connected by joints to transfer motion. Reverse-motion linkages change the direction of movement.
连杆机构是由铰链连接的一系列刚性杆，用于传递运动。反向连杆机构可改变运动方向。
4. Electronics and Circuits | 电子学与电路
Electronics is central to modern engineering, controlling everything from sensors to motors. A circuit is a closed loop that allows electric current to flow from a power source to components and back.
电子学是现代工程的核心，控制着从传感器到电机的所有设备。电路是一个闭合回路，允许电流从电源流向元件再返回。
Voltage (measured in volts) is the 'push' that drives current around a circuit. It is symbolised by V.
电压（单位为伏特）是驱动电流在电路中流动的“推力”。用符号 V 表示。
Current (measured in amperes or amps) is the flow of electric charge. It is represented by I.
电流（单位为安培）是电荷的流动。用符号 I 表示。
Resistance (measured in ohms, symbol Ω) opposes the flow of current. Resistors are used to control current and protect other components.
电阻（单位为欧姆，符号 Ω）阻碍电流流动。电阻器用于控制电流并保护其他元件。
Ohm's Law relates these quantities:
欧姆定律关联这些量：
V = I × R
V = I × R
Components such as LEDs (light-emitting diodes) allow current only in one direction and emit light. Switches control whether a circuit is open or closed. A buzzer converts electrical energy into sound.
元件如LED（发光二极管）只允许电流单向通过并发光。开关控制电路的通断。蜂鸣器将电能转化为声音。
A sensor detects changes in the environment; an LDR (light-dependent resistor) changes resistance with light level, while a thermistor changes resistance with temperature. They are used in input subsystems.
传感器检测环境变化；光敏电阻（LDR）的电阻随光照强度变化，热敏电阻的电阻随温度变化。它们用于输入子系统。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished products. Common processes include cutting, forming, joining, and additive manufacturing, each with specific terminology.
制造是将原材料转化为成品的过程。常见工艺包括切割、成型、连接和增材制造，每种工艺都有特定术语。
Drilling creates round holes using a rotating drill bit. A pillar drill provides precision and is safer for students to use.
钻孔使用旋转钻头加工圆孔。台钻精度高，学生使用更安全。
Turning is a machining process where a workpiece rotates while a cutting tool removes material. It is performed on a lathe to produce cylindrical parts.
车削是一种机加工工艺，工件旋转，刀具去除材料。在车床上进行，可制造圆柱形零件。
Casting involves pouring molten metal or plastic into a mould. Sand casting is used for large metal shapes, while die casting offers higher precision with reusable metal moulds.
铸造涉及将熔融金属或塑料浇入模具。砂型铸造用于大型金属件，压力铸造使用可重复使用的金属模具，精度更高。
Welding joins metals by melting the edges and adding filler material. Brazing uses a filler metal with a lower melting point without melting the base metals.
焊接通过熔化金属边缘并添加填充材料来连接金属。钎焊使用熔点较低的填充金属，不熔化基体金属。
3D printing (additive manufacturing) builds objects layer by layer from a digital model. It reduces waste and allows
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