📚 Year 8 AQA Computer Science: Key Vocabulary Quick-Reference Guide | AQA Year 8 计算机科学：核心词汇速记指南
This guide covers the essential terms you need to know for Year 8 AQA Computer Science. Learning these words will help you understand key concepts, answer exam questions accurately, and build a strong foundation for future study. Each term is explained clearly, with examples where helpful.
本指南涵盖 Year 8 AQA 计算机科学课程中必须掌握的核心术语。掌握这些词汇有助于你理解关键概念、准确回答考题，并为今后的学习打下坚实基础。每个术语都给出了清晰的解释，并附有示例。
1. Hardware & Software | 硬件与软件
Hardware refers to all the physical parts of a computer system that you can see and touch, such as the motherboard, processor, memory chips, hard drive, keyboard, and mouse.
硬件 指计算机系统中所有可以看到和触摸到的物理部件，例如主板、处理器、内存芯片、硬盘、键盘和鼠标。
Software is the set of instructions (programs) that tells the hardware what to do. Examples include operating systems like Windows or macOS, applications like word processors, and games.
软件 是指告诉硬件该做什么的指令集合（程序）。例如操作系统（如 Windows 或 macOS）、文字处理应用和游戏。
System software helps run and manage the computer hardware and provides a platform for other software. The operating system is the most important system software.
系统软件 帮助运行和管理计算机硬件，并为其他软件提供平台。操作系统是最重要的系统软件。
Application software allows users to perform specific tasks, like writing documents, creating presentations, browsing the web, or editing photos.
应用软件 允许用户执行特定任务，如撰写文档、创建演示文稿、浏览网页或编辑照片。
CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often called the brain of the computer. It carries out calculations and executes program instructions by following the fetch-decode-execute cycle.
CPU（中央处理器） 常被称为计算机的大脑。它通过取指令、解码、执行的循环来执行计算和程序指令。
RAM (Random Access Memory) is temporary, fast memory that stores the data and programs the CPU is currently using. Data in RAM is lost when the computer is switched off.
RAM（随机存取存储器） 是一种暂存的高速内存，用于存储 CPU 当前正在使用的数据和程序。计算机关闭后，RAM 中的数据会丢失。
ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that stores essential instructions needed to start the computer (the BIOS). Its content cannot be easily changed and is kept when the power is off.
ROM（只读存储器） 是一种非易失性内存，存储启动计算机所需的基本指令（BIOS）。其内容不易更改，断电后仍保留。
2. Input Devices | 输入设备
Input devices send data or control signals to a computer system. They allow users to interact with and feed information into the computer.
输入设备 将数据或控制信号发送到计算机系统。它们让用户能够与计算机交互并向计算机输送信息。
Keyboard is the most common input device, using keys to type characters, numbers, and commands. Most keyboards use the QWERTY layout.
键盘 是最常用的输入设备，通过按键输入字符、数字和命令。大多数键盘采用 QWERTY 布局。
Mouse is a pointing device that moves a cursor on the screen and allows the user to select, click, and drag items. Touchpads serve a similar purpose on laptops.
鼠标 是一种指点设备，可移动屏幕上的光标，并允许用户选择、点击和拖动物品。笔记本电脑上的触控板具有类似功能。
Microphone converts sound waves into electrical audio signals that the computer can record, process, or transmit during voice chats.
麦克风 将声波转换为电音频信号，计算机可以录制、处理这些信号，或在语音聊天中传输。
Touchscreen combines input and output by letting users touch the display to interact with the device directly. Found on smartphones, tablets, and many laptops.
触摸屏 将输入与输出合为一体，用户通过触摸显示屏直接与设备互动。常见于智能手机、平板电脑和许多笔记本电脑。
Scanner converts physical documents and images into digital form by passing light over the surface and capturing the reflected pattern.
扫描仪 通过在纸张表面照射光线并捕捉反射图案，将物理文档和图像转化为数字形式。
3. Output Devices | 输出设备
Output devices receive data from the computer and present it to the user in a human-understandable form, such as visuals, sound, or printouts.
输出设备 接收来自计算机的数据，并以人类可理解的形式（如视觉、声音或打印品）呈现给用户。
Monitor/screen displays visual output from the computer, including text, images, and video. Modern monitors typically use LCD or LED technology.
显示器/屏幕 显示计算机的视觉输出，包括文本、图像和视频。现代显示器通常采用 LCD 或 LED 技术。
Printer produces a hard copy (physical copy) of documents or images on paper. Inkjet and laser printers are common examples.
打印机 在纸张上生成文档或图像的硬拷贝（物理副本）。常见的类型有喷墨打印机和激光打印机。
Speakers convert audio signals from the computer into sound waves, allowing users to hear music, system sounds, and voice.
扬声器 将计算机的音频信号转换为声波，使用户能够听到音乐、系统声音和语音。
Headphones/earphones are personal output devices worn on or in the ears, delivering audio directly to the user without disturbing others.
头戴式耳机/耳塞 是佩戴在耳部或耳内的个人输出设备，能在不打扰他人的情况下将音频直接传递给用户。
Projector takes video output and projects a large image onto a screen or wall, useful for presentations and classrooms.
投影仪 接收视频输出，并将大幅影像投射到屏幕或墙壁上，常用于演示和课堂教学。
4. Storage & Memory | 存储与内存
Primary storage refers to memory that the CPU can access directly, mainly RAM and ROM. It is fast but has limited capacity compared to secondary storage.
主存储器 指 CPU 可以直接访问的存储器，主要包括 RAM 和 ROM。其速度快，但容量比辅助存储器小。
Secondary storage is non-volatile and holds data permanently even when the power is off. Examples include hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), USB flash drives, and optical discs.
辅助存储器 是非易失性的，即便断电也能永久保存数据。例子包括硬盘驱动器 (HDD)、固态硬盘 (SSD)、USB 闪存驱动器和光盘。
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) uses spinning magnetic platters to read and write data. It offers large capacity at a lower cost per gigabyte but is slower and more fragile than an SSD.
硬盘驱动器 (HDD) 使用旋转的磁性盘片来读写数据。它容量大、每 GB 成本较低，但比 SSD 速度慢且更易损坏。
Solid-State Drive (SSD) stores data on flash memory chips with no moving parts. It is much faster, lighter, and more durable than an HDD.
固态硬盘 (SSD) 将数据存储在闪存芯片上，没有移动部件。它比 HDD 速度快得多、更轻且更耐用。
Cloud storage saves data on remote servers accessed via the internet. It allows you to back up files and access them from any device with an internet connection.
云存储 将数据保存在通过互联网访问的远程服务器上。它允许你备份文件，并可从任何有网络连接的设备访问。
| Unit | Abbreviation | Size |
| Bit | 位 | b | Smallest unit (0 or 1) | 最小单位 |
| Byte | 字节 | B | 8 bits | 8 位 |
| Kilobyte | 千字节 | KB | 1024 B |
| Megabyte | 兆字节 | MB | 1024 KB |
| Gigabyte | 吉字节 | GB | 1024 MB |
| Terabyte | 太字节 | TB | 1024 GB |
5. Binary Numbers & Data Units | 二进制数与数据单位
Binary is a base-2 number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Computers use binary because their internal circuits can easily represent two states (on and off).
二进制 是一种基数为 2 的数字系统，只使用 0 和 1 两个数字。计算机使用二进制，因为内部电路可以很轻易地表示两种状态（开和关）。
Denary/decimal is the base-10 number system we use every day, with digits 0–9. Converting between binary and denary is a core skill in computer science.
十进制 是我们日常使用的基数为 10 的数字系统，使用数字 0–9。在二进制与十进制之间进行转换是计算机科学的一项核心技能。
Bit (binary digit) is the smallest piece of data, representing a single 0 or 1. Eight bits make one byte.
位（比特/bit） 是最小的数据单位，表示一个 0 或 1。八个位组成一个字节。
Nibble is a group of 4 bits, which can represent a single hexadecimal digit. A byte is made up of two nibbles.
半字节（nibble） 是 4 个位组成的一组，可以表示一个十六进制数字。一个字节由两个半字节组成。
where there is a 1. For example, the binary number 1101₂: (1×8)+(1×4)+(0×2)+(1×1) = 13₁₀.
将二进制转换为十进制，只需将有 1 的位值相加。例如，二进制数 1101₂：(1×8)+(1×4)+(0×2)+(1×1) = 13₁₀。
Overflow occurs when a calculation produces a result that needs more bits than the allocated space, e.g., adding two 8-bit numbers and getting a 9-bit answer.
溢出 指计算结果所需的位数超过了分配的空间，例如两个 8 位数相加得到一个 9 位的结果。
6. Algorithm Design | 算法设计
Algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. It must be precise, unambiguous, and have a clear end point.
算法 是解决问题或完成任务的一套逐步指令。它必须精确、无歧义，并有明确的结束点。
Flowchart is a diagram that represents an algorithm using standard symbols: ovals for start/stop, parallelograms for input/output, rectangles for processes, and diamonds for decisions.
流程图 是使用标准符号表示算法的图表：椭圆表示开始/结束，平行四边形表示输入/输出，矩形表示处理过程，菱形表示判断。
Pseudocode is a way of writing out an algorithm using plain English that looks a bit like programming code but is not tied to any one programming language.
伪代码 是一种用简明英语书写算法的方法，看起来有点像编程代码，但不限定于任何一种编程语言。
Sequence means executing instructions in order, one after the other. This is the simplest control structure.
顺序结构 指按顺序一条接一条地执行指令。这是最简单的控制结构。
Selection allows the program to make decisions and follow different paths. If-statements are common examples: 'IF condition THEN do this ELSE do that.'
选择结构 允许程序做出判断并执行不同的路径。If 语句是常见例子：“如果条件成立则做 A，否则做 B”。
Iteration (loops) repeats a block of code. FOR loops repeat a set number of times, while WHILE loops continue as long as a condition remains true.
循环结构（迭代） 会重复执行一个代码块。FOR 循环重复指定次数，WHILE 循环只要条件为真就会继续执行。
7. Programming Concepts | 编程概念
Variable is a named storage location in memory that can hold a value which might change while the program runs. For example, 'score' or 'playerName'.
变量 是内存中一个命名的存储位置，可以保存一个在程序运行期间可能变化的值。例如 'score' 或 'playerName'。
Constant is similar to a variable but its value is set once and cannot be altered during execution. Constants are useful for fixed values like PI.
常量 类似变量，但其值一旦设定，在程序运行过程中就不能更改。常量适用于像 PI 这样的固定值。
Data type defines what kind of data a variable can store. Common types include integer (whole numbers), float/real (decimal numbers), string (text), and Boolean (true/false).
数据类型 定义了变量可以存储的数据种类。常见类型有整型（整数）、浮点型/实数型（小数）、字符串（文本）和布尔型（真/假）。
Assignment gives a value to a variable using an equals sign, e.g., score = 0. This stores the value on the right into the variable on the left.
赋值 使用等号将值赋给变量，例如 score = 0。这会将右侧的值存储到左侧的变量中。
Operator rs include +, −, *, /, and MOD (remainder). Comparison operators give Boolean results: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
运算符 是对值进行操作的符号。算术运算符包括 +、−、*、/ 和 MOD（取余数）。比较运算符会给出布尔结果：==、!=、>、<、>=、<=。
String concatenation joins two or more strings together using the + operator, e.g., "Hello " + "world!" becomes "Hello world!".
字符串拼接 使用 + 运算符将两个或多个字符串连接在一起，例如 "Hello " + "world!" 会变为 "Hello world!"。
8. Networks | 网络
Computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected together to share resources (files, printers) and communicate.
计算机网络 是将多台计算机和设备连接在一起以便共享资源（文件、打印机）和通信的集合。
LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small geographical area, such as a home, school, or office building. Devices in a LAN can communicate quickly and share a single internet connection.
LAN（局域网） 覆盖一个小范围的地理区域，如家庭、学校或办公楼。局域网内的设备可以快速通信并共享一个互联网连接。
WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs. The internet is the biggest WAN.
WAN（广域网） 跨越广阔的地理区域，通常连接多个局域网。互联网是最大的广域网。
Router directs data packets between networks. In a home, it connects your local LAN to the internet (WAN).
路由器 在不同网络之间转发数据包。在家庭中，它将你的局域网连接到互联网（广域网）。
Switch connects devices within a LAN and forwards data frames to the specific device they are addressed to, making communication more efficient.
交换机 在局域网内连接设备，并将数据帧转发到目标设备的特定设备，使通信更高效。
Network Interface Card (NIC) is hardware inside a device that allows it to connect to a network, either through an Ethernet cable (wired) or Wi-Fi (wireless).
网络接口卡 (NIC) 是设备内部的硬件，使其能够通过以太网电缆（有线）或 Wi-Fi（无线）连接到网络。
Protocol is a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted over a network. Protocols like TCP/IP make sure different devices can understand each other.
协议 是管理数据在网络中传输方式的一套规则。TCP/IP 等协议确保不同设备可以互相理解。
9. The Internet & Web | 互联网与万维网
Internet is a global WAN that connects computers and networks worldwide using standard protocols. It supports services like the web, email, and file sharing.
互联网 是全球性的广域网，使用标准协议连接世界各地的计算机和网络。它支持网页、电子邮件和文件共享等服务。
World Wide Web (WWW) is a collection of web pages and multimedia content accessed through the internet using browsers. It is just one of the services that run on the internet.
万维网 (WWW) 是通过浏览器在互联网上访问的网页和多媒体内容的集合。它只是运行在互联网上的服务之一。
Web browser is software like Chrome, Firefox, or Safari that requests, receives, and displays web pages from servers using HTTP/HTTPS.
网页浏览器 是 Chrome、Firefox 或 Safari 等软件，可以通过 HTTP/HTTPS 向服务器请求、接收并显示网页。
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a web page, e.g., https://www.example.com/page. It contains the protocol, domain name, and path.
URL（统一资源定位符） 是网页的地址，例如 https://www.example.com/page。它包含协议、域名和路径。
IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, such as 192.168.1.1. It allows devices to locate and communicate with each other.
IP 地址 是分配给网络上每台设备的唯一数字标签，例如 192.168.1.1。它使设备能够相互定位和通信。
DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-friendly domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses that computers use. It is like a phonebook for the internet. Published by TutorHao | Year 8 Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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