📚 Year 8 AQA Economics: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | Year 8 AQA 经济：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick revision guide for Year 8 AQA Economics. Mastering the key terms is essential for understanding how the economy works. This article breaks down the most important vocabulary you need to know, with clear definitions and Chinese translations to help you learn fast.
欢迎使用 Year 8 AQA 经济的关键术语速记指南。掌握核心词汇是理解经济运行的基础。本文将你需要了解的最重要术语逐一拆解，提供清晰的定义和中文翻译，帮助你快速记忆。
1. Scarcity and Choice | 稀缺性与选择
The fundamental economic problem is scarcity. This means that we have unlimited wants but limited resources to produce goods and services. Because of scarcity, individuals, businesses and governments must make choices.
最基本的经济问题是稀缺性。这意味着我们有着无限的欲望，但用于生产商品和服务的资源是有限的。由于稀缺性的存在，个人、企业和政府都必须做出选择。
Every choice involves giving something up. Economics studies how people decide to allocate scarce resources.
每一个选择都意味着放弃一些东西。经济学研究人们如何决定配置稀缺资源。
2. Needs and Wants | 需要与欲望
Needs are the basic things we must have to survive, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. They are essential for life.
需要是我们为了生存而必须拥有的基本事物，例如食物、水、住所和衣服。它们对生命至关重要。
Wants are things that we desire but are not necessary for survival. Examples include smartphones, holidays and luxury items. Our wants are unlimited.
欲望是我们渴望拥有但并非生存所必需的事物。例如智能手机、假期和奢侈品。我们的欲望是无限的。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are tangible products that we can touch and use, such as cars, books and apples. Services are intangible actions performed for us, like haircuts, education and banking.
商品是有形的产品，我们可以触摸和使用，例如汽车、书籍和苹果。服务是为我们执行的无形活动，比如理发、教育和银行服务。
Both goods and services are produced using scarce resources. We consume them to satisfy our wants and needs.
商品和服务都是使用稀缺资源生产的。我们消费它们来满足我们的欲望和需要。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
The resources used to make goods and services are called factors of production. There are four main types: land, labour, capital and enterprise.
用来制造商品和服务的资源被称为生产要素。主要有四种类型：土地、劳动力、资本和企业精神。
Land includes all natural resources such as water, minerals and forests. Labour is the human effort, both physical and mental. Capital refers to man-made tools, machines and buildings used in production. Enterprise is the ability to combine the other factors and take risks in business.
土地包括所有自然资源，如水、矿产和森林。劳动力是人类的努力，包括体力和脑力。资本指用于生产的人造工具、机器和建筑物。企业精神是结合其他生产要素并承担商业风险的能力。
5. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Demand is the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. The law of demand states that as price falls, quantity demanded rises.
需求是消费者在不同价格下愿意并能够购买的商品或服务的数量。需求定律指出，当价格下降时，需求量上升。
Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices. According to the law of supply, as price rises, quantity supplied increases.
供给是生产者在不同价格下愿意并能够出售的商品或服务的数量。根据供给定律，当价格上升时，供给量增加。
6. Markets and Prices | 市场与价格
A market is any place or system where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods, services or resources. It can be physical like a street market or virtual like an online store.
市场是任何买卖双方互动以交换商品、服务或资源的场所或系统。它可以是物理的如街市，也可以是虚拟的如网店。
The price mechanism balances supply and demand. When demand is high and supply is low, prices tend to rise. The equilibrium price is where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
价格机制平衡供给与需求。当需求高而供给低时，价格往往上涨。均衡价格是需求量与供给量相等时的价格。
7. Costs, Revenue and Profit | 成本、收入与利润
Costs are the expenses a business incurs to produce goods or services. They include raw materials, wages and rent. Total cost is the sum of all these expenses.
成本是企业在生产商品或服务时产生的开支。包括原材料、工资和租金。总成本是所有这些开支的总和。
Revenue is the income a business receives from selling its output. It is calculated by multiplying the price per unit by the quantity sold.
收入是企业通过销售其产出而获得的款项。计算方法是用每单位价格乘以销售数量。
Profit is the surplus when revenue exceeds total costs. If costs are higher than revenue, the business makes a loss.
利润是收入超过总成本的盈余。如果成本高于收入，企业就会亏损。
8. Money and Exchange | 货币与交换
Money is any item that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services. It serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value and a unit of account.
货币是普遍被接受作为商品和服务支付手段的任何物品。它充当交换媒介、价值储藏和计价单位。
Before money, people used barter – the direct exchange of one good for another. Barter requires a double coincidence of wants, which is inefficient.
在有货币之前，人们使用物物交换——直接以一种商品交换另一种商品。物物交换需要需求的双重巧合，效率低下。
9. Opportunity Cost | 机会成本
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative foregone when a choice is made. It represents what you sacrifice to get something else.
机会成本是当你做出选择时所放弃的次优替代方案的价值。它代表你为了得到某物而牺牲的东西。
For example, if you spend your savings on a new bike, the opportunity cost might be the holiday you cannot afford. Every decision has an opportunity cost.
例如，如果你用积蓄买了一辆新自行车，机会成本可能是你无法负担的假期。每个决定都有机会成本。
10. Incentives and Economic Systems | 激励与经济体系
An incentive is something that motivates people to behave in a certain way. Positive incentives (rewards) encourage actions, while negative incentives (penalties) discourage them.
激励是激励人们以特定方式行事的东西。正面激励（奖励）鼓励行动，而负面激励（惩罚）阻止行动。
An economic system determines how a society allocates scarce resources. The main types are market economies, command economies and mixed economies.
经济体系决定一个社会如何分配稀缺资源。主要类型有市场经济、计划经济与混合经济。
In a market economy, prices guide decisions. In a command economy, the government makes most choices. Most real-world economies are mixed, combining elements of both.
在市场经济中，价格引导决策。在计划经济中，政府做出大部分选择。现实世界的大多数经济都是混合的，结合了两者的元素。
11. Consumers, Producers and Government | 消费者、生产者与政府
Consumers are individuals or groups who buy goods and services for personal use. Their spending decisions drive demand in the economy.
消费者是为了个人使用而购买商品和服务的个人或团体。他们的消费决策驱动经济中的需求。
Producers are individuals or firms that make and supply goods and services. They combine factors of production to create output.
生产者是制造并供应商品和服务的个人或公司。他们组合生产要素以创造产出。
The government plays a role by providing public goods (such as defence and street lighting) and regulating economic activity. It also collects taxes to pay for services.
政府通过提供公共物品（如国防和路灯）以及调节经济活动来发挥作用。它还通过征税来支付服务费用。
12. Specialisation and Trade | 专业化与贸易
Specialisation occurs when individuals, firms or countries focus on producing a limited range of goods or tasks. It often increases efficiency and output.
专业化发生在个人、公司或国家专注于生产有限范围的商品或任务时。它通常能提高效率和产出。
Trade is the exchange of goods and services between parties. When nations trade, they can benefit from each other's specialisation, leading to a higher standard of living.
贸易是各方之间商品和服务的交换。当国家进行贸易时，他们可以从彼此的专业化中受益，从而提高生活水平。
International trade involves exports (goods sold abroad) and imports (goods bought from abroad).
国际贸易涉及出口（销往国外的商品）和进口（从国外购入的商品）。
Published by TutorHao | Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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