📚 Year 8 AQA Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorization Guide | Year 8 AQA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of psychology is the first step to doing well in your Year 8 AQA course. This guide breaks down essential terms into easy-to-remember chunks and pairs them with memory tricks you can use in class and during revision.
掌握心理学的语言是在 Year 8 AQA 课程中取得好成绩的第一步。本指南将基本术语拆分为易于记忆的板块，并配上你可以在课堂和复习中使用的记忆窍门。
1. Why Psychology Vocabulary Matters | 为什么心理学术语很重要
Using the correct terms helps you write precise answers in exams and makes your explanations more scientific. Terms like 'independent variable' or 'schema' may sound complicated, but once you understand them, they become powerful tools for describing how the mind works.
使用正确的术语能帮助你在考试中写出准确的答案，并使你的解释更具科学性。像“自变量”或“图式”这样的术语听起来可能很复杂，但一旦你理解了它们，它们就会成为描述心智如何运作的有力工具。
2. Research Methods: Core Terms | 研究方法核心术语
Experiment: A controlled procedure where a researcher changes one factor (the IV) to see its effect on another factor (the DV).
实验：一种受控程序，研究者改变一个因素（自变量）以观察其对另一个因素（因变量）的影响。
Independent Variable (IV): The variable the experimenter deliberately changes or manipulates. Think 'I change the IV'.
自变量 (IV)：实验者有目的改变或操纵的变量。记住“我改变IV”。
Dependent Variable (DV): The variable that is measured; it 'depends' on the IV. If you test how much water a plant gets (IV) affects its height (DV), height is the DV.
因变量 (DV)：被测量的变量；它“依赖”于自变量。如果你测试浇水量（IV）如何影响植物高度（DV），高度就是因变量。
Hypothesis: A clear, testable prediction, often written as 'If... then...' For example: 'If students drink water, then their concentration will improve.'
假设：一个清晰、可检验的预测，通常写成“如果……那么……”的形式。例如：“如果学生喝水，那么他们的注意力就会提高。”
Confounding Variable: An extra factor that might affect the DV if not controlled. Imagine it as a 'sneaky' variable that could ruin your experiment.
混淆变量：一个额外的因素，如果不加控制可能会影响因变量。把它想象成一个可能毁掉你实验的“偷偷摸摸”的变量。
3. Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval | 记忆：编码、存储与提取
Encoding: Transforming sensory information into a form that can be stored. It is like typing a document into a computer.
编码：将感官信息转换为可以存储的形式。就像把文档输入电脑一样。
Storage: Keeping information over time. Think of it as saving the document on a hard drive.
存储：随着时间的推移保存信息。把它想象成将文档保存在硬盘上。
Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed. This is like opening the saved document later.
提取：在需要时访问存储的信息。这就像以后打开保存的文档。
Short-term Memory (STM): A temporary store holding about 7 items for around 15-30 seconds. Repeat a phone number a few times to keep it here.
短时记忆 (STM)：一个临时储存库，大约能保存7个项目，持续约15-30秒。重复一个电话号码几次就能将其保留在这里。
Long-term Memory (LTM): A near-permanent store with unlimited capacity. Information is moved here through rehearsal and meaningful connections.
长时记忆 (LTM)：一个几乎永久的储存库，容量无限。信息通过复述和有意义的联系被转移到这里。
4. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity: Changing your behaviour or opinion to match those of a group, even if you secretly disagree. It often happens because we want to fit in.
从众：改变自己的行为或意见以与群体一致，即使你私下并不认同。这通常是因为我们想融入群体。
Obedience: Following direct orders from an authority figure. Unlike conformity, obedience involves a clear command and a perceived power difference.
服从：遵循权威人物的直接命令。与从众不同，服从涉及明确的指令和感知到的权力差异。
Social Norms: Unwritten rules about how to behave in a group. Queueing quietly is a social norm in many cultures.
社会规范：关于在群体中如何行为的潜规则。安静排队在许多文化中是一种社会规范。
Bystander Effect: The more people present, the less likely any one person is to help someone in need. A quick mnemonic: 'More bystanders, less helpers.'
旁观者效应：在场的人越多，任何一个人去帮助有需要的人的可能性就越小。速记口诀：“旁观者越多，帮助者越少。”
5. Perception: Sensation and Interpretation | 知觉：感觉与解释
Sensation: The process of detecting physical energy from the environment through our senses. It is the raw data coming in, like light hitting the retina.
感觉：通过感官检测环境中的物理能量的过程。它是传入的原始数据，比如光线照射到视网膜。
Perception: The brain's active interpretation and organisation of sensations to create a meaningful experience. Two people can see the same shape but perceive it differently.
知觉：大脑主动解释和组织感觉以创造有意义的体验。两个人可能看到相同的形状但知觉到不同的东西。
Visual Illusion: A discrepancy between what we perceive and reality, caused by perceptual rules. The Muller-Lyer illusion is a classic example where lines of equal length appear different.
视觉错觉：我们知觉到的与现实之间的差异，由知觉规则引起。缪勒-莱尔错觉就是一个经典例子，等长的线条看起来不一样长。
Depth Cues: Signals that help us perceive how far away objects are. Monocular cues (one eye) include relative size and texture gradient.
深度线索：帮助我们感知物体距离远近的信号。单眼线索包括相对大小和纹理梯度。
6. Biological Psychology Basics | 生物心理学基础
Neuron: A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals. Imagine it as a tiny message carrier in the brain.
神经元：一种传递电信号和化学信号的神经细胞。可以把它想象成大脑中的微型信息传递者。
Synapse: The tiny gap between neurons where chemical messages (neurotransmitters) pass from one cell to the next.
突触：神经元之间的微小间隙，化学信息（神经递质）在这里从一个细胞传递到下一个细胞。
Central Nervous System (CNS): The brain and spinal cord, which process and coordinate all bodily responses. It is the body's 'control centre'.
中枢神经系统 (CNS)：由脑和脊髓组成，处理和协调身体的所有反应。它是身体的“控制中心”。
Amygdala: A small almond-shaped brain area linked to emotions, especially fear. If you jump at a sudden noise, your amygdala is quick at work.
杏仁核：一个杏仁状的小脑区，与情绪（尤其是恐惧）有关。如果你被突然的响声吓一跳，说明你的杏仁核迅速工作了。
7. Development: Key Stages | 发展：关键阶段术语
Cognition: All mental activities linked to thinking, knowing, remembering, and problem-solving. A baby's cognition grows rapidly in the first years.
认知：与思考、认识、记忆和解决问题有关的所有心理活动。婴儿的认知在头几年发展迅速。
Schema: A mental framework that organises information and helps us predict the world. You have a schema for a 'dog'—four legs, fur, barking—which helps you recognise dogs quickly.
图式：一种组织信息并帮助我们预测世界的心理框架。你有一个关于“狗”的图式——四条腿、毛、吠叫——这帮助你快速识别狗。
Assimilation: Fitting new experiences into existing schemas. Seeing a horse and calling it a 'big dog' is assimilation.
同化：将新经验融入已有图式中。见到一匹马并称它为“大狗”就是同化。
Accommodation: Changing a schema when new information does not fit. When the child learns that a horse is not a dog, they accommodate their animal schema.
顺应：当新信息不符合时改变图式。当孩子了解到马不是狗时，他们就顺应了动物图式。
8. Learning and Behaviour | 学习与行为
timulus (bell) becomes linked to a reflex (salivation) after being paired with food. Think 'bell before food = drool'.
经典条件反射：通过学习联想进行学习，由巴甫洛夫发现。一个中性刺激（铃声）与食物配对后，与反射（分泌唾液）联系起来。记住“铃声在食物前 = 流口水”。
Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences. Actions followed by rewards (reinforcement) are likely to be repeated; actions followed by punishments are less likely to be repeated.
操作性条件反射：通过学习后果进行学习。受到奖励（强化）的行为很可能被重复；受到惩罚的行为则不太可能被重复。
Positive Reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behaviour. Giving a sticker for completing homework is positive reinforcement.
正强化：增加一个愉快刺激以增强行为。完成作业后奖励贴纸就是正强化。
Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behaviour. Taking a painkiller to remove a headache reinforces pill-taking.
负强化：移除一个不愉快刺激以增强行为。吃止痛药消除头痛，强化了吃药行为。
9. Emotion and Motivation | 情绪与动机
Emotion: A complex state involving feelings, physiological responses, and thoughts. Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust are often considered basic emotions.
情绪：一种涉及感受、生理反应和思维的复杂状态。快乐、悲伤、愤怒、恐惧、惊讶和厌恶通常被认为是基本情绪。
Motivation: The internal drive that pushes us to act. Hunger motivates eating; curiosity motivates exploration.
动机：驱使我们行动的内在动力。饥饿驱动进食；好奇心驱动探索。
Intrinsic Motivation: Doing an activity for its own sake because it is interesting or enjoyable. Reading a novel you love is intrinsically motivated.
内在动机：为了活动本身的乐趣而做某事。阅读你喜爱的小说就是内在动机驱动。
Extrinsic Motivation: Doing something for external rewards or to avoid punishment. Studying hard to earn a prize is extrinsically motivated.
外在动机：为了外部奖励或避免惩罚而做事。为了获得奖品而努力学习是外在动机驱动。
10. Exam Vocabulary and Memory Aids | 考试术语与记忆辅助
Operationalisation: Explaining exactly how a variable will be measured or manipulated. For example, instead of 'aggression', define it as 'the number of times a child hits a doll in 10 minutes'. It makes variables concrete.
操作性定义：准确说明变量将如何被测量或操纵。例如，不是笼统地写“攻击性”，而是将其定义为“孩子在10分钟内击打玩偶的次数”。它使变量变得具体。
Reliability: Consistency of measurement. If you step on the scales three times and get the same reading, the scales are reliable. Use the CAR memory trick: Consistent And Repeatable.
信度：测量的一致性。如果你三次站上体重秤都得到相同的读数，这个秤就是可信的。使用CAR记忆技巧：一致的并可重复的（Consistent And Repeatable）。
Validity: Does the test measure what it claims to measure? happiness questionnaire that actually asks about sleep quality has low validity. Remember 'Valid = True to Aim'.
效度：测试是否测量了它声称要测量的东西？一份关于幸福感的问卷如果实际上问的是睡眠质量，其效度就低。记住“Valid = 符合目标（True to Aim）”。
Ethical Issues: Rules that protect participants, such as informed consent, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw. The phrase 'Please Come Right In' can help recall: Protection, Confidentiality, Right to withdraw, Informed consent.
伦理问题：保护参与者的规则，如知情同意、保密和退出权利。短语“请直接进来”可以帮助回忆：保护 (Protection)、保密 (Confidentiality)、退出权利 (Right to withdraw)、知情同意 (Informed consent)。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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