📚 Year 8 AQA Chemistry Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | Year 8 AQA 化学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of chemistry is the first step towards understanding how the world works at a particle level. This guide breaks down all the essential terms you will meet in Year 8 AQA Chemistry, from atoms and elements to acids, reactions and laboratory safety. Each key word is explained clearly in English with an immediate Chinese translation, helping you build a bilingual scientific vocabulary that will support your revision and experiments.
掌握化学语言是理解微观世界如何运作的第一步。本指南拆解了你在 Year 8 AQA 化学课程中会遇到的所有核心术语，从原子、元素到酸、化学反应和实验室安全。每个关键词都用英文清晰解释并立即附上中文翻译，帮助你构建双语科学词汇，为复习和实验打下坚实基础。
1. Atoms and Elements | 原子与元素
An atom is the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist. Everything around you is made of atoms, and each element contains only one type of atom. For example, a piece of pure gold is made entirely of gold atoms, all of which have the same number of protons.
原子是化学元素能够存在的最小粒子。你周围的一切都是由原子构成的，每种元素只包含一种类型的原子。例如，一块纯金完全由金原子构成，所有金原子都具有相同数目的质子。
An element is a substance made up of only one kind of atom. There are around 118 known elements, and they are listed in the periodic table. Each element has a unique name and a chemical symbol, such as ‘O’ for oxygen and ‘Fe’ for iron. The symbol always starts with a capital letter, and if there is a second letter, it is lowercase.
元素是仅由一种原子组成的物质。已知元素约有 118 种，它们排列在元素周期表中。每种元素都有独特的名称和化学符号，例如氧的符号是 O，铁的符号是 Fe。符号总是以大写字母开头，如果有第二个字母，则小写。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Atom | 原子 | The smallest unit of an element |
| Element | 元素 | A pure substance made of one type of atom |
| Proton | 质子 | Positively charged particle in the nucleus |
| Neutron | 中子 | Neutral particle in the nucleus |
| Electron | 电子 | Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus |
| Nucleus | 原子核 | Central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number | 原子序数 | Number of protons in an atom |
2. Compounds and Molecules | 化合物与分子
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in fixed proportions. The properties of a compound are usually very different from the elements that make it. For example, water (H₂O) is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen, yet it is a liquid at room temperature while hydrogen and oxygen are both gases.
化合物是由两种或更多不同元素以固定比例通过化学方式结合而成的物质。化合物的性质通常与组成它的元素有很大差异。例如，水 (H₂O) 是一种由氢和氧组成的化合物，但它在室温下是液体，而氢气和氧气都是气体。
A molecule is a particle made of two or more atoms bonded together. All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds. For instance, oxygen gas (O₂) is a molecule because it contains two oxygen atoms joined together, but it is not a compound because it contains only one type of element.
分子是由两个或更多原子通过化学键结合在一起的粒子。所有化合物都是分子，但并非所有分子都是化合物。例如，氧气 (O₂) 是分子，因为它由两个氧原子结合在一起，但它不是化合物，因为它只包含一种元素。
When naming simple compounds, the name often tells you which elements are present. The metal name comes first followed by the non-metal with its ending changed to ‘-ide’. Sodium and chlorine form sodium chloride; magnesium and oxygen form magnesium oxide.
在命名简单化合物时，名称通常会告诉你存在哪些元素。金属的名称放在前面，非金属的名称结尾改为“-ide”。钠和氯形成氯化钠 (sodium chloride)；镁和氧形成氧化镁 (magnesium oxide)。
3. Mixtures and Pure Substances | 混合物与纯物质
A pure substance contains only one type of particle, either a single element or a single compound. Because of this, a pure substance has a fixed melting point and boiling point. In contrast, a mixture contains two or more different substances that are not chemically joined, so the components can be separated by physical methods.
纯物质仅含一种类型的粒子，可以是单一元素或单一化合物。因此，纯物质具有固定的熔点和沸点。相反，混合物包含两种或更多不同的物质，它们没有通过化学方式结合，因此可以通过物理方法将其组成部分分离。
Common mixtures include salt water, air, and soil. Air is a mixture of gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and argon. The composition of air can vary slightly from place to place, which is a key sign that it is a mixture rather than a pure compound.
常见的混合物包括盐水、空气和土壤。空气是氮气、氧气、二氧化碳和氩气等气体的混合物。空气的成分在不同地点可能有微小变化，这是判断它是混合物而非纯净化合物的一个关键标志。
Separation techniques rely on differences in physical properties. Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid. Distillation separates liquids with different boiling points. Chromatography can separate coloured substances dissolved in a solvent.
分离技术依赖于物质物理性质的差异。过滤可将不溶性固体从液体中分离出来。蒸馏可根据沸点不同分离液体。色谱法可以分离溶解在溶剂中的有色物质。
4. States of Matter and Changes of State | 物质状态与状态变化
The three common states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. In a solid, particles are packed closely together in a regular arrangement and can only vibrate. In a liquid, particles are still close but can move past each other, allowing the liquid to flow. In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions.
物质的三种常见状态是固态、液态和气态。在固态中，粒子紧密排列成规则的结构，只能振动。在液态中，粒子仍然靠近，但可以彼此滑动，使液体能够流动。在气态中，粒子相距很远，并快速向各个方向运动。
Melting is the change from solid to liquid, and freezing is the reverse. Evaporation and boiling both turn a liquid into a gas, while condensation is the change from gas to liquid. Sublimation occurs when a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state, such as solid carbon dioxide (dry ice).
熔化是从固态变为液态，凝固则相反。蒸发和沸腾都能将液体转变为气体，而凝结是从气态变为液态。当固体不经过液态直接变成气体时，称为升华，例如固态二氧化碳（干冰）。
The temperature at which a substance melts is called its melting point, and the temperature at which it boils is its boiling point. A pure substance has sharp, fixed melting and boiling points, while a mixture tends to melt or boil over a range of temperatures.
物质熔化时的温度称为熔点，沸腾时的温度称为沸点。纯物质具有清晰、固定的熔点和沸点，而混合物往往在一个温度区间内熔化或沸腾。
5. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
A physical change alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not create a new substance. Examples include cutting, dissolving, melting and changing state. These changes are often easy to reverse. For instance, ice melting into water can be reversed by freezing.
物理变化会改变物质的形式或外观，但不会产生新物质。例子包括切割、溶解、熔化和状态变化。这些变化通常容易逆转。例如，冰融化成水可通过冷冻逆转。
A chemical change, or chemical reaction, produces one or more new substances. Signs of a chemical reaction include a colour change, an odour being produced, a gas being given off (bubbles), a temperature change, or a solid precipitate forming. During a chemical change, bonds between atoms break and new bonds form.
化学变化，或化学反应，会产生一种或多种新物质。化学反应的迹象包括颜色变化、产生气味、放出气体（气泡）、温度变化或形成固体沉淀。在化学变化中，原子之间的化学键断裂并形成新的化学键。
Burning (combustion) is a chemical change where a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing heat and light. Reacting an acid with a metal is also a chemical change, producing a salt and hydrogen gas. Unlike physical changes, most chemical changes are difficult or impossible to reverse simply.
燃烧是一种化学变化，物质与氧气反应，释放出热量和光。酸与金属的反应也是一种化学变化，会产生盐和氢气。与物理变化不同，大多数化学变化很难或不可能简单地逆转。
6. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
he reaction using the names of the substances. For example: sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen. The arrow means 'reacts to form'.
在化学反应中，起始物质称为反应物，形成的物质称为产物。文字方程式使用物质名称总结反应。例如：钠 + 水 → 氢氧化钠 + 氢气。箭头表示“反应生成”。
To represent atoms, we use chemical formulas. H₂O shows that a water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. A balanced symbol equation uses formulas and numbers to obey the law of conservation of mass. The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products because atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
我们使用化学式来表示原子。H₂O 表示一个水分子含有两个氢原子和一个氧原子。配平的符号方程式使用化学式和数字，遵循质量守恒定律。反应物的总质量等于产物的总质量，因为在化学反应中原子不会被创造或消灭。
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
The numbers in front of formulas are called coefficients. They show the ratio of particles involved. In the balanced equation above, two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to produce two molecules of water.
化学式前面的数字称为系数。它们显示了参与反应的粒子比例。在上述配平的方程式中，两个氢分子与一个氧分子反应，生成两个水分子。
7. Acids, Alkalis, and Neutralisation | 酸、碱与中和反应
An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water. Common laboratory acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃). Acids have a sour taste (though you should never taste them in a lab) and turn blue litmus paper red.
酸是溶于水时产生氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。常见的实验室用酸包括盐酸 (HCl)、硫酸 (H₂SO₄) 和硝酸 (HNO₃)。酸有酸味（但绝对不能在实验室品尝），并能将蓝色石蕊试纸变红。
An alkali is a soluble base that produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) are strong alkalis. Alkalis feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue. The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral.
碱是一种可溶性的碱，在水中产生氢氧根离子 (OH⁻)。氢氧化钠 (NaOH) 和氢氧化钾 (KOH) 是强碱。碱有滑腻感，能将红色石蕊试纸变蓝。pH 标度用来衡量溶液的酸性或碱性程度，范围从 0（非常强的酸性）到 14（非常强的碱性），7 为中性。
m chloride + water. The hydrogen ions from the acid react with the hydroxide ions from the alkali to form H₂O molecules.
中和反应是酸和碱之间的反应，生成盐和水。例如：盐酸 + 氢氧化钠 → 氯化钠 + 水。来自酸的氢离子与来自碱的氢氧根离子反应，生成水分子。
H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
8. The Periodic Table | 元素周期表
The periodic table arranges all known elements in order of increasing atomic number. The vertical columns are called groups, and the horizontal rows are called periods. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
元素周期表按原子序数递增的顺序排列所有已知元素。纵列称为族，横行称为周期。同一族的元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们最外层的电子数相同。
Group 1 contains the alkali metals, such as lithium, sodium and potassium. They are soft, shiny metals that react vigorously with water. Group 7 contains the halogens, like fluorine, chlorine and iodine, which are reactive non-metals. Group 0 (or Group 8) contains the noble gases, such as helium, neon and argon, which are very unreactive because they have a full outer electron shell.
第 1 族是碱金属，如锂、钠和钾。它们是质地柔软且有光泽的金属，能与水剧烈反应。第 7 族是卤素，如氟、氯和碘，它们是反应性很强的非金属。第 0 族（或第 8 族）是稀有气体，如氦、氖和氩，它们非常不活泼，因为它们的最外层电子壳层是全满的。
The table is divided into metals on the left and non-metals on the right, with a zigzag line separating them. Elements along this line, such as silicon, are often metalloids and show properties of both metals and non-metals.
元素周期表左侧为金属，右侧为非金属，中间有一条锯齿形分界线。沿着这条线的元素，如硅，通常是准金属（类金属），表现出金属和非金属的双重性质。
9. Rate of Reaction and Energy Changes | 反应速率与能量变化
The rate of a chemical reaction tells us how quickly reactants are used up or products are made. Factors that increase reaction rate include higher temperature, higher concentration of reactants in solution, larger surface area of solid reactants, and the use of a catalyst.
化学反应速率告诉我们反应物被消耗或产物生成的速度有多快。提高反应速率的因素包括：升高温度、提高溶液中反应物的浓度、增大固体反应物的表面积以及使用催化剂。
Collision theory explains that for a reaction to occur, particles must collide with enough energy (activation energy) and with the correct orientation. Increasing temperature gives particles more kinetic energy, so they collide more often and with greater force. Increasing concentration or pressure packs particles closer together, increasing collision frequency.
碰撞理论解释，反应要发生，粒子必须以足够的能量（活化能）和正确的取向发生碰撞。升高温度赋予粒子更大的动能，因此它们碰撞更频繁且力度更大。增加浓度或压力使粒子更紧密地聚集，从而增加碰撞频率。
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself. It provides an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. Enzymes are biological catalysts that work in living things.
催化剂是能加快反应速率而本身在反应中不被消耗的物质。它提供了一条活化能更低的替代反应路径。酶是在生物体内起作用的生物催化剂。
Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, usually making the reaction mixture feel hot. Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings, causing a drop in temperature. Combustion and neutralisation are examples of exothermic reactions.
放热反应向周围环境释放能量，通常使反应混合物感觉变热。吸热反应从周围环境吸收能量，导致温度下降。燃烧和中和反应是放热反应的例子。
10. Laboratory Safety and Apparatus | 实验室安全与仪器
Working safely in a chemistry laboratory means understanding common hazard symbols. A flammable symbol warns that the substance catches fire easily. A corrosive symbol indicates the substance can attack and destroy living tissue, such as skin. An oxidising symbol means the substance provides oxygen and can make fires burn more fiercely. Always read labels and follow your teacher's instructions.
在化学实验室安全操作需要理解常见的危险标志。易燃标志警告该物质容易着火。腐蚀性标志表明该物质会侵害和破坏活体组织，如皮肤。氧化性标志意味着该物质提供氧气，能使火燃烧得更猛烈。务必阅读标签并遵从老师的指示。
Standard laboratory apparatus includes beakers for holding liquids, conical flasks for mixing, Bunsen burners for heating, test tubes for small-scale reactions, and measuring cylinders for measuring volumes. When heating a test tube, always point the mouth away from yourself and others, and use a test tube holder.
标准实验仪器包括用于盛装液体的烧杯、用于混合的锥形瓶、用于加热的本生灯、用于小规模反应的试管，以及用于测量体积的量筒。加热试管时，务必让试管口远离自己和他人，并使用试管夹。
Wear safety goggles at all times when handling chemicals. Tie back long hair and tuck in loose clothing. Never eat or drink in the lab, and always wash your hands after completing an experiment. Knowing how to use an eye wash station and a fire extinguisher is an essential part of laboratory safety training.
处理化学品时始终佩戴护目镜。扎起长发，塞好宽松的衣物。切勿在实验室饮食，实验结束后一定要洗手。知道如何使用洗眼器和灭火器是实验室安全培训的重要部分。
11. Common Word Equations to Memorise | 需记忆的常见文字方程式
hydrogen gas. For example: hydrochloric acid + magnesium → magnesium chloride + hydrogen.
记住关键的文字方程式能帮助你快速回答有关反应的问题。酸与金属反应通常生成盐和氢气。例如：盐酸 + 镁 → 氯化镁 + 氢气。
ide + water + carbon dioxide. This reaction produces fizzing because of the carbon dioxide gas released.
金属碳酸盐与酸反应会生成盐、水和二氧化碳。例如：碳酸钙 + 盐酸 → 氯化钙 + 水 + 二氧化碳。该反应会因释放出二氧化碳气体而产生气泡。
ater. If the oxygen supply is limited, toxic carbon monoxide and carbon (soot) can also form.
在有充足氧气的情况下，碳氢燃料燃烧会生成二氧化碳和水。以甲烷为例：甲烷 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。如果氧气供应不足，还会形成有毒的一氧化碳和碳（烟灰）。
12. Memory Tips for Key Terminology | 关键术语记忆技巧
To remember the difference between atomic number and mass number, think of the atomic number as the 'ID number' of an element; it equals the number of protons. The mass number is the total of protons and neutrons, so it is always bigger. A simple rhyme can help: 'Atomic number is protons alone, mass number is protons and neutrons grown.'
要记住原子序数和质量数的区别，可以把原子序数看作元素的“身份证号”，它等于质子的数目。质量数是质子和中子的总和，因此总是更大。一个简单的口诀是：原子序数只管质子数，质量数是质子加中子数。
For the signs of a chemical change, use the acronym 'COGS': Colour change, Odour produced, Gas given off, Solid precipitate appears. If any of these happens, a new substance is very likely forming.
对于化学变化的迹象，可以使用首字母缩略词“COGS”：颜色变化 (Colour)、产生气味 (Odour)、放出气体 (Gas)、出现固体沉淀 (Solid)。如果这些现象中的任何一个发生，很可能正在生成新物质。
When naming compounds, remember 'M then N then -ide': the Metal goes first, then the Non-metal with its ending changed to '-ide'. For compounds with oxygen, the ending is often '-ate', such as copper sulfate. Creating flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese translation and meaning on the other is an excellent way to revise.
在命名化合物时，记住“先金属后非金属，结尾改为 -ide”：金属在前，非金属在结尾加上 -ide。对于含氧化合物，通常以 -ate 结尾，如硫酸铜。制作一面写英文术语、另一面写中文翻译和含义的闪卡是一种极佳的复习方法。
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