📚 Key PE Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | 体育词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is like learning the rules of a new sport – once you know the key terms, everything starts to make sense. In Year 8 Edexcel PE, you will come across a wide range of vocabulary covering anatomy, physiology, training methods, movement analysis, and sports psychology. This guide is designed to help you memorise those terms quickly and confidently by linking them to simple definitions, vivid images, and clever memory hooks. Whether you are preparing for a class test or building a strong foundation for GCSE, these words are your tools for success.
掌握体育学科的语言就像学习一项新运动的规则——一旦你记住了关键术语，一切都会变得清晰易懂。在八年级爱德思体育课程中，你会遇到大量关于解剖、生理、训练方法、运动分析和运动心理的词汇。这份指南旨在通过将术语与简单定义、生动图像和巧妙记忆挂钩联系起来，帮助你快速、自信地记住它们。无论你是在准备课堂测验，还是为 GCSE 打下扎实基础，这些术语都是你取得成功的工具。
1. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体适能要素
Health-related fitness refers to the aspects of physical fitness that contribute to overall well-being and the ability to perform daily activities without undue fatigue. The five key components are cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. A simple mnemonic to remember them is “Cowboys Make Funny Belly Cries” – Cardiovascular, Muscular strength, Flexibility, Body composition, and Cries for “musCular Endurance”. Picture a cowboy laughing so hard his belly jiggles, and the words will stick.
健康相关体适能指那些有助整体健康、且让你能无过度疲劳地完成日常活动的体适能要素。五个关键要素是：心血管耐力、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性与身体成分。一个简单助记句子是 “聪明的马戏骆驼”（心血管、力量、柔韧、身体成分、耐力——取谐音联想）。想象一匹会走钢丝的骆驼，就能将词汇与形象牢牢绑定。
- Cardiovascular endurance – the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to muscles during sustained activity.
- 心血管耐力——在持续运动中，心肺为肌肉供氧的能力。
- Muscular strength – the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort.
- 肌肉力量——一块或一组肌肉单次发力时能产生的最大力量。
- Muscular endurance – the ability of a muscle to repeat contractions or hold a position without tiring.
- 肌肉耐力——肌肉重复收缩或保持姿势而不疲劳的能力。
- Flexibility – the range of movement possible at a joint.
- 柔韧性——关节可达到的活动范围。
- Body composition – the proportion of fat, muscle, bone and other tissues in the body.
- 身体成分——体内脂肪、肌肉、骨骼等组织的比例。
2. Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体适能要素
While health-related fitness keeps you healthy, skill-related fitness determines how well you perform in sports that require quick reactions, precise movements, or explosive power. The six skill-related components are agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed. To recall them instantly, use the acronym “ABC PRS” – Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed. Think of a footballer who needs Agility to dodge, Balance to stay upright, Coordination to dribble, Power to shoot, Reaction time to save a goal, and Speed to sprint. Each letter is a performance key.
健康相关体适能让你维系健康，而技能相关体适能则决定了你在需要快速反应、精准动作或爆发力的运动中表现如何。六个技能相关要素分别是敏捷、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时与速度。用首字母缩略词 “ABC PRS” 可瞬间记起：Agility, Balance, Coordination, Power, Reaction time, Speed。想象一名足球运动员：敏捷来过人、平衡来站稳、协调来盘带、爆发力来射门、反应时来扑救、速度来冲刺。每一个字母都是一把表现钥匙。
- Agility – the ability to change direction quickly and control the body.
- 敏捷——快速变向并控制身体的能力。
- Balance – maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support, whether static or dynamic.
- 平衡——无论是静态还是动态，将重心保持在支撑面之上的能力。
- Coordination – the smooth integration of senses and body parts to produce efficient movement.
- 协调——感官与身体各部位流畅配合以产生高效动作的能力。
- Power – the product of strength and speed; how quickly force can be applied.
- 爆发力——力量与速度的乘积，指发力有多快。
- Reaction time – the time taken to respond to a stimulus.
- 反应时——对刺激作出响应所需的时间。
- Speed – the rate at which a person covers a distance or performs a movement.
- 速度——个体覆盖距离或完成动作的快慢程度。
3. The Skeletal System: Bones and Joints | 骨骼系统：骨骼与关节
The skeleton is the framework of the body, and naming its major bones is a fundamental skill. Common ones include cranium (skull), clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (forearm), vertebrae (spine), pelvis, femur (thigh bone), patella (kneecap), tibia and fibula (lower leg). To remember the bones of the arm, think “Happy Rabbits Run Under Patches” – Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Phalanges. For the leg: “Fat People Try Flying” – Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula. Joints such as hinge (elbow, knee) and ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip) describe how bones meet and move.
骨骼是身体的框架，能说出主要骨骼名称是一项基本功。常见骨骼包括：颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨（上臂）、桡骨与尺骨（前臂）、脊椎骨、骨盆、股骨（大腿）、髌骨（膝盖）、胫骨与腓骨（小腿）。要记住手臂骨骼，用谐音联想“肱桡尺指”——肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、指骨。腿部骨骼记为“股髌胫腓”——股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨。关节类型如屈戍关节（肘、膝）和球窝关节（肩、髋）描述了骨与骨如何相接与运动。
| Joint Type 关节类型 | Movement Allowed 允许的运动 | Example 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Hinge 屈戍关节 | Flexion and extension only 仅屈伸 | Elbow, knee 肘关节、膝关节 |
| Ball-and-socket 球窝关节 | Flexion, extension, rotation, circumduction 屈、伸、旋转、环转 | Shoulder, hip 肩关节、髋关节 |
| Pivot 枢轴关节 | Rotation only 仅旋转 | Neck (atlas and axis) 颈部（寰枢关节） |
Knowing these terms helps you analyse movements and describe actions in sporting contexts.
熟悉这些术语有助你分析动作，并在运动情境中描述身体活动。
4. Muscular System: Key Muscles and Actions | 肌肉系统：主要肌肉与动作
Muscles create movement by pulling on bones, working in pairs called antagonistic pairs. For Year 8, you need to know major muscles: deltoid (shoulder), biceps and triceps (upper arm), pectorals (chest), abdominals (stomach), quadriceps and hamstrings (thigh), gastrocnemius (calf), and gluteals (bottom). When one muscle contracts (agonist), the opposite muscle relaxes (antagonist). For example, during a bicep curl, the biceps are the agonist and the triceps the antagonist. Use the visual “Bend with B, Straighten with T” – Biceps Bend, Triceps sTraighten. For the leg: “Quads extend, Hams flex” – quadriceps straighten the knee, hamstrings bend it.
肌肉通过拉动骨骼产生运动，它们通常成对工作，称为拮抗肌对。在八年级阶段，你需要认识主要肌肉：三角肌（肩）、肱二头肌与肱三头肌（上臂）、胸大肌（胸部）、腹肌（腹部）、股四头肌与腘绳肌（大腿）、腓肠肌（小腿）以及臀肌（臀部）。当一块肌肉收缩（主动肌）时，相对的另一块肌肉便放松（拮抗肌）。例如，在弯举哑铃时，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。运用视觉口诀“二头弯、三头伸”便能牢记。腿部则是“大腿前面伸、后面屈”——股四头肌使膝关节伸直，腘绳肌使膝关节屈曲。
- Agonist – the muscle that contracts to produce movement.
- 主动肌——收缩以产生动作的肌肉。
- Antagonist – the muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to work.
- 拮抗肌——舒张以配合主动肌工作的肌肉。
- Isotonic contraction – muscle changes length (concentric shortens, eccentric lengthens).
- 等张收缩——肌肉长度改变（向心收缩缩短，离心收缩拉长）。
- Isometric contraction – muscle stays the same length while under tension.
- 等长收缩——肌肉在紧张状态下长度保持不变。
5. Principles of Training: SPORT and FITT | 训练原则：SPORT 与 FITT
Training principles are the rules that guide effective exercise programmes. Two powerful acronyms help you remember them. SPORT stands for Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, and Tedium (sometimes replaced by Training thresholds). Picture a specific sport (Specificity) where you gradually increase difficulty (Progression), work harder than normal (Overload), lose fitness if you stop (Reversibility), and must vary sessions to avoid boredom (Tedium). FITT helps design the overload: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type of exercise. To increase overload, you can train more often, harder, for longer, or change the activity type.
训练原则是指导有效锻炼计划的准则。两个有力的缩略词能助你牢记。SPORT 表示：专项性（Specificity）、渐进性（Progression）、超负荷（Overload）、可逆性（Reversibility）和单调性（Tedium）。想象一项特定运动（专项性），你逐渐增加难度（渐进性），比平时更努力（超负荷），一停下来体适能就下降（可逆性），还必须变换训练以免枯燥（单调性）。FITT 则协助设计超负荷：频率（Frequency）、强度（Intensity）、时间（Time）和运动类型（Type）。想要增加超负荷，可以训练得更频繁、更剧烈、更持久，或改变活动类型。
| Principle 原则 | Meaning 含义 | Memory Hook 记忆点 |
|---|---|---|
| Specificity | Training must be relevant to the sport or goal | Marathon runners run, not swim |
| Progression | Gradually increase demand to keep improving | Lift more weight over weeks |
| Overload | Work harder than your body’s normal level | FITT principle in action |
| Reversibility | Fitness declines when training stops | Use it or lose it |
| Tedium | Avoid boredom by varying training | Try new drills to stay motivated |
6. Movement Terminology: Flexion, Extension and More | 动作术语：屈曲、伸展等
Describing how joints move is essential in PE. The most common terms are flexion (decreasing the angle at a joint), extension (increasing the angle), abduction (moving a limb away from the midline), adduction (moving it towards the midline), rotation (turning around an axis), and circumduction (circular movement combining the above). A helpful imagery: “Flexion is folding, Extension is opening” – like closing and opening a book. Abduction and adduction can be remembered by “Abduct means to take away, add means to bring to the centre”. When you do a star jump, you abduct arms and legs; when you return to standing, you adduct them.
在体育中描述关节如何运动至关重要。最常见术语包括屈曲（关节角度减小）、伸展（关节角度增大）、外展（肢体远离身体中线）、内收（肢体靠向身体中线）、旋转（绕轴旋转）与环转（结合以上动作的圆周运动）。形象记忆法：“屈是折叠，伸是打开”——像合上与打开书本。外展与内收可联想英语“abduct 带走、add 加入”：跳星星动作时手臂和腿向外展开为外展，回到站姿靠拢为内收。
- Flexion – bending a limb, e.g., bending the elbow.
- 屈曲——弯曲肢体，如手肘弯曲。
- Extension – straightening a limb, e.g., straightening the knee.
- 伸展——伸直肢体，如膝关节伸直。
- Abduction – moving away from the body’s midline, e.g., lifting the arm sideways.
- 外展——远离身体中线，如手臂侧平举。
- Adduction – moving towards the midline, e.g., bringing the arm back down.
- 内收——靠向中线，如手臂从侧面收回。
- Rotation – turning around a central axis, e.g., shaking the head “no”.
- 旋转——绕中心轴转动，如摇头表示“不”。
7. Cardiovascular System: Heart Rate and Stroke Volume | 心血管系统：心率与每搏输出量
per minute; stroke volume (SV), the amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle each beat; and cardiac output (Q), which is HR × SV. A useful formula to visualise: Q = HR × SV. During exercise, both heart rate and stroke volume increase to supply more oxygen to the working muscles. An easy memory trick is to call cardiac output the “Heart’s Delivery Service” – it delivers oxygen and nutrients around the body. Resting heart rate for a typical Year 8 student might be around 60–80 bpm, and maximum heart rate can be estimated as 220 minus age.
心脏、血管与血液构成心血管系统。关键术语包括心率（HR，每分钟心跳次数）、每搏输出量（SV，一个心室每搏动泵出的血量）以及心输出量（Q = HR × SV）。直观公式为 Q = 心率 × 每搏输出量。运动时，心率与每搏输出量均上升，为工作肌群输送更多氧气。一个容易记住的说法是将心输出量想象为“心脏快递服务”，它将氧气和营养运往全身。典型八年级学生的静息心率约为60–80次/分，最大心率可通过 220−年龄 估算。
- Heart rate (HR) – beats per minute. 心率——每分钟心跳次数。
- Stroke volume (SV) – millilitres of blood per beat. 每搏输出量——每搏动泵出的血量（毫升）。
- Cardiac output (Q) – total blood pumped per minute (litres). 心输出量——每分钟心脏泵出的总血量（升）。
- Vasodilation – blood vessels widen to increase blood flow. 血管舒张——血管变宽以增加血流。
- Vasoconstriction – blood vessels narrow to reduce flow. 血管收缩——血管变窄以减少血流。
8. Respiratory System: Breathing and Gas Exchange | 呼吸系统：呼吸与气体交换
mal breath), vital capacity (the maximum air you can exhale after a maximum inhalation), and minute ventilation (tidal volume × breathing rate). A rhyme might help: “Tidal is a gentle wave, Vital is all you can save”. During exercise, both tidal volume and breathing rate rise sharply, increasing minute ventilation. Gas exchange happens in the alveoli, tiny air sacs where oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. Think of alveoli as “grape-like balloons” that fill with air, making exchange efficient.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。关键术语：潮气量（正常呼吸时吸入或呼出的空气量）、肺活量（最大吸气后能呼出的最大空气量）以及每分通气量（潮气量 × 呼吸频率）。用韵句助记：“潮气如潮汐，轻轻上下移；肺活靠全力，一呼尽显技”。运动时，潮气量与呼吸频率均急剧上升，令每分通气量加大。气体交换发生在肺泡——这些微小气囊让氧气进入血液并带走二氧化碳。将肺泡想象为“葡萄状小气球”，一充气便使交换高效。
- Tidal volume – volume of air per breath (approx. 0.5 L at rest). 潮气量——每次呼吸的空气量（静息时约0.5升）。
- Vital capacity – max air exhaled after max inhalation (around 3–4 L in teens). 肺活量——最大吸气后尽力呼出的最大空气量（青少年约3–4升）。
- Minute ventilation – litres of air moved per minute. 每分通气量——每分钟移动的空气升数。
- Alveoli – site of gaseous exchange. 肺泡——气体交换的场所。
9. Sports Psychology: Motivation, Feedback and Arousal | 运动心理：动机、反馈与唤醒
Psychology in PE explores how the mind affects performance. Important words include intrinsic motivation (driven by internal satisfaction, like enjoyment) and extrinsic motivation (driven by external rewards, like trophies). Feedback can be intrinsic (how the movement felt) or extrinsic (coach’s comments, video analysis). Another key term is arousal – the level of mental and physical readiness. Too little arousal leads to boredom and poor focus; too much leads to anxiety and mistakes. The Inverted-U theory says performance peaks at a moderate arousal level. Visualise a golden U-shaped smile: performance is highest in the middle, not at the extremes. Also, self-confidence and goal setting (SMART targets) are vital for improvement.
体育心理学探究心理如何影响表现。重要词汇包括内在动机（由内心满足驱动，如享受乐趣）与外在动机（由外部奖励驱动，如奖杯）。反馈可分为内在反馈（运动时的自身感觉）和外在反馈（教练点评、录像分析）。另一个关键术语是唤醒水平——身心准备状态的程度。唤醒过低会导致无聊、注意力涣散；过高则导致焦虑与失误。倒U形理论指出，表现于中等唤醒水平时达至巅峰。想象一个金色的微笑U形：表现最高点位于中间，而非极端两端。此外，自信与目标设定（SMART目标）对进步也至关重要。
- Intrinsic motivation – self-driven desire to perform well for its own sake. 内在动机——为活动本身而努力的自我驱动力。
- Extrinsic motivation – desire driven by external factors, e.g., medals or praise. 外在动机——由奖牌、表扬等外部因素驱动的愿望。
- Arousal – the state of physical and psychological activation. 唤醒——身心激活的状态。
- Inverted-U hypothesis – moderate arousal yields optimal performance. 倒U形假说——中等唤醒水平产生最佳表现。
- SMART goals – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound. SMART目标——具体、可衡量、可达成、相关、有时限。
10. Common Exam Command Words | 考试常见指令词
Edexcel PE questions often use specific command words that signal exactly what you need to do. Recognising them saves time and boosts marks. State means give a short, clear answer, often a definition or a name. Describe asks for a detailed account of what happens – think of painting a picture with words. Explain requires you to give reasons or causes, often using “because”. Identify is similar to state but may involve picking something out from a scenario. Compare means noting similarities and differences. Evaluate asks for a balanced judgement, discussing pros and cons before reaching a conclusion. A quick drill: read the command word twice and underline it before answering – it’s your instruction manual for every question.
爱德思体育试题常使用特定的指令词，它们清楚指明了答题要求。识别这些词既能节省时间又能提高分数。“陈述”（State）意味着给出简短明确答案，常为定义或名称。“描述”（Describe）要求详述所发生的过程——像用文字画一幅画。“解释”（Explain）则要求给出原因或因果，通常用到“因为”。“指出”（Identify）与陈述类似，但可能需要从情境中挑选出某物。“比较”（Compare）指列出相似与不同之处。“评价”（Evaluate）要求作出平衡判断，在得出结论前讨论正反两面。一个快速练习：在作答前把指令词读两遍并画线强调——它就是每道题的作答指南。
- State – give a concise fact. 陈述——给出简明事实。
- Describe – provide detail of what happens. 描述——提供事件细节。
- Explain – show how or why, with reasons. 解释——说明如何或为何，并给出理由。
- Identify – name or select from information. 指出——命名或从信息中选出。
- Compare – point out similarities and differences. 比较——指出相同与不同。
- Evaluate – make a reasoned judgement. 评价——作出有理据的判断。
11. Quick Memory Techniques for PE Vocabulary | 体育词汇快速记忆技巧
Now that you have a solid list of terms, how do you make them stick? Combine several memory strategies for maximum retention. Acronyms and acrostics like FITT and SPORT condense lists into memorable words or sentences. Visual associations – the more unusual the image, the better it sticks. For example, picture a huge “Quadzilla” monster with massive thighs to remember quadriceps. Chunking involves grouping related terms: e.g., bones of the arm studied together. Active recall is testing yourself from memory rather than just re-reading notes. Teach someone else – explaining a concept out loud embeds it deeper. Finally, use the terms in real PE lessons – say “I am using my agonist and antagonist” when doing a curl, and you’ll never forget.
学完这么多术语，如何让它们铭记于心？将多种记忆策略结合使用效果最佳。首字母缩略词与藏头句如 FITT 和 SPORT 能将清单转化为易记的单词或句子。视觉联想——画面越离奇，记忆越牢固。例如，想象一只巨大“四头肌怪兽”（Quadzilla）有着粗壮的大腿，便能记住股四头肌。组块法指将相关术语归类学习，如手臂骨骼一起记忆。主动回忆是不看笔记进行自我测试，而非单纯反复翻阅。教别人——向他人解释概念能让理解更深入。最后，在真实的体育课中运用这些术语——做弯举动作时口中念着“我的主动肌和拮抗肌正在工作”，保证你永远忘不掉。
- Acronyms – turn first letters into a word (e.g., SPORT). 首字母缩略词——将首字母拼成单词。
- Rhymes and chants – set terms to a simple rhythm. 押韵与口诀——将术语套入简单节奏。
- Flashcards with visual cues – draw a muscle on one side, name on the other. 带有视觉提示的闪卡——一面画肌肉，一面写名称。
- Story method – weave terms into a bizarre narrative. 故事法——将术语编入离奇故事中。
- Spaced repetition – review in increasing intervals. 间隔重复——按逐渐放大的间隔复习。
12. Building a Personal PE Glossary | 建立个人体育术语表
A personalised glossary is an excellent revision tool. Create a table with four columns: Term, Definition, Sporting Example, and Memory Hook. For instance, for “Cardiovascular Endurance”, the example could be “running 1500m” and the hook “Cowboys” from the earlier mnemonic. Adding your own examples makes the vocabulary concrete and relevant. Review the glossary weekly, covering up the definition column and testing yourself. Over time, you will not only recall the words but also explain them clearly in exam questions. Consistency and curiosity are your best coaches on this language-learning journey through PE.
个人化术语表是极好的复习工具。制作一张四列表格：术语、定义、运动实例、记忆挂钩。例如，对“心血管耐力”，实例可填“跑1500米”，挂钩则用前文“牛仔”助记。加入你自己的实例能让词汇变得具体而贴切。每周复习术语表，遮住定义栏进行自测。久而久之，你不仅能回忆起这些词，还能在试题中清晰地解释它们。在体育这门语言的学习旅程中，持之以恒与好奇心就是你最好的教练。
Published by TutorHao | PE Revision Series | aleveler.com
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