📚 Year 7 SQA Business: Vocabulary & Terminology Memory Guide | Year 7 SQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Starting your SQA Business Studies journey in Year 7 can feel like learning a new language. Words like 'revenue', 'entrepreneur' or 'liability' pop up everywhere. This guide breaks down the essential business vocabulary you will meet, pairing each term with a clear explanation and a simple memory trick. By the end, you will be able to recall key terms quickly and use them with confidence in class and in assessments.
在 Year 7 开始 SQA 商务学习时，你会感觉自己好像在学一门新语言。“收入”、“企业家”或“负债”这些词会到处出现。本指南将拆解你会遇到的核心商务词汇，每个术语都配有清晰的解释和简单的记忆技巧。读完后，你就能快速回忆起关键词汇，并在课堂和考试中自信地使用它们。
1. Introduction to Business Terms | 商务术语入门
A 'business' is any organisation that provides goods or services to satisfy customers' needs, usually with the aim of making a profit. Think of businesses as engines that drive the economy by creating jobs and offering products we buy every day. The word 'business' comes from the idea of being busy, and a good way to remember it is to picture a busy shop.
“企业”是指为满足顾客需求而提供商品或服务的任何组织，通常以盈利为目的。可以把企业想象成驱动经济的引擎，它们创造就业机会，提供我们日常购买的产品。“Business”一词源自“忙碌”的概念，记住它的好方法是想象一家忙碌的商店。
A 'need' is something essential for survival, such as food, water or shelter. A 'want', on the other hand, is a desire, like a new smartphone or a holiday. Businesses must understand the difference to offer the right products. To remember this, link 'need' to necessity and 'want' to wish – both start with the same letter in English.
“需要”是生存所必需的东西，比如食物、水和住所。而“欲望”则是一种渴望，比如新款智能手机或度假。企业必须理解两者的区别才能提供正确的产品。要记住这一点，可以把“need”和“necessity”（必需品）联系起来，把“want”和“wish”（愿望）联系起来——在英语中首字母相同。
2. Money Matters: Revenue, Costs & Profit | 财务核心：收入、成本与利润
'Revenue' is the total income a business earns from selling its goods or services before any costs are taken out. It is sometimes called sales turnover. To calculate revenue, we multiply the price per unit by the number of units sold: Revenue = Price × Quantity. Memory tip: think of 'revenue' as the 'river' of money flowing into the business.
“收入”是企业在扣除任何费用之前，通过销售商品或服务获得的总进账，有时也称营业额。计算收入时，我们用单位售价乘以销售数量：收入 = 单价 × 数量。记忆小窍门：把“revenue”想象成一条流入企业的“金钱河”（river）。
'Costs' are the expenses a business must pay to operate, such as rent, materials and wages. Costs can be fixed (stay the same regardless of output, like rent) or variable (change with production, like raw materials). Link 'fixed costs' to a fixed object that doesn't move, and 'variable costs' to something that varies, like weather.
“成本”是企业为运营必须支付的费用，如租金、原材料和工资。成本可分为固定成本（不随产量变化，如租金）和变动成本（随产量变化，如原材料）。把“fixed costs”联想成一个不动的固定物体，把“variable costs”想象成变化多端的天气，就容易记了。
'Profit' is the reward for taking a business risk; it is what remains after all costs are subtracted from revenue. The fundamental equation is: Profit = Revenue − Costs. If costs exceed revenue, the business makes a 'loss'. Remember 'profit' as the 'prize' you get for being profitable. You can visualise the equation as a seesaw where revenue must be higher than costs.
“利润”是承担商业风险的回报，是从收入中扣除所有成本后剩余的部分。核心公式是：利润 = 收入 − 成本。如果成本超过收入，企业就出现“亏损”。把“profit”记成你因为盈利而得到的“奖品”（prize）。你可以把公式想象成一个跷跷板，收入必须比成本更高。
3. Types of Business Ownership | 企业所有权类型
A 'sole trader' is a business owned and run by one person. That person keeps all the profits but has unlimited liability for all debts. The memory clue is in the name: 'sole' means single, like a lone fish in a pond – you control everything but you also carry all the risk alone.
“个体经营者”是由一个人拥有并经营的企业。这个人拥有全部利润，但对所有债务承担无限责任。名字本身就是记忆线索：“sole”意味着单一，就像池塘里一条孤独的鱼——你掌控一切，但也独自承担所有风险。
A 'partnership' is a business owned by two or more people who share profits and responsibilities. Partners usually sign a Partnership Agreement. Think of the word 'partner' as two people dancing together – they share the steps and sometimes step on each other's toes, meaning they share both rewards and risks.
“合伙企业”是由两个或更多人共同拥有的企业，他们分享利润并分担责任。合伙人通常会签署一份合伙协议。可以把“partner”想象成两个一起跳舞的人——他们共享舞步，有时也会踩到对方的脚，意味着收益与风险共担。
A 'limited company' (or corporation) is a business that has a separate legal identity from its owners. The owners' liability is limited to the amount they invested. In Scotland, you may see 'Ltd' for private limited company. The key memory image is a shield: the company is a shield that protects personal assets from business debts, so liability is limited.
“有限责任公司”是具有独立于其所有者的法律身份的企业。所有者的责任仅限于他们的出资额。在苏格兰，你可能会看到“Ltd”代表私人有限公司。关键的记忆画面是一面盾牌：公司就像一面盾牌，保护个人资产免受企业债务的影响，因此责任是有限的。
4. Entrepreneur & Innovation | 企业家与创新
An 'entrepreneur' is a person who takes the risk of starting a new business, hoping to make a profit by introducing a new product or service. Entrepreneurs are often seen as drivers of innovation. Break the word down: 'entre' suggests entering something new, and 'preneur' sounds like 'pioneer' – an entrepreneur enters a market as a pioneer.
“企业家”是指承担风险创办新企业的人，希望通过引入新产品或服务来获利。企业家常被视为创新的推动者。把单词拆开来记：“entre”暗示进入新领域，“preneur”听起来像“pioneer”（开拓者）——企业家就是作为开拓者进入市场的人。
'Innovation' means turning an idea into a successful product or way of working. It can be small improvements or brand-new inventions. The term contains 'nova', which means 'new' in Latin. So whenever you hear 'innovation', think of a bright new star (a nova) – something fresh and eye-catching.
“创新”指将一个想法转化为成功的产品或工作方式。它可以是微小的改进，也可以是全新的发明。这个词里含有“nova”，在拉丁语中意为“新”。因此，每当你听到“innovation”，就联想一颗明亮的新星（nova）——新鲜、引人注目。
5. Marketing Basics – The 4Ps | 市场营销基础——4P
Marketing is the process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer needs profitably. The classic marketing mix is often summarised as the 4Ps: Product, Price, Place, Promotion. To memorise these, use the phrase 'Please Pass the Potatoes Please' – the first letters match the 4Ps and create a silly image that sticks in your mind.
市场营销是识别、预测并有利可图地满足顾客需求的过程。经典的营销组合通常概括为4P：产品（Product）、价格（Price）、渠道（Place）、促销（Promotion）。要记住它们，可以用短语“Please Pass the Potatoes Please”（请递一下土豆）——首字母与4P对应，这个滑稽的画面能牢牢留在脑海里。
'Product' refers to the good or service offered. It must meet customer needs. 'Price' is how much customers pay; it must reflect value and cover costs. 'Place' means where the product is sold and how it reaches customers (distribution channels). 'Promotion' covers advertising, sales and communication. Picture each P as a pillar holding up a marketing tent – remove one, and the tent collapses.
“产品”指所提供的商品或服务，必须满足顾客需求。“价格”是顾客支付的金额，必须体现价值并覆盖成本。“渠道”指产品销售地点以及如何送达顾客（分销渠道）。“促销”涵盖广告、销售和沟通。把每个P想象成支撑营销帐篷的一根柱子——抽走一根，帐篷就会倒塌。
6. Market & Demand-Supply | 市场与供需
A 'market' is any place or system where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. It doesn't have to be a physical place; it can be online. The word shares its root with 'merchant'. Memory aid: picture a busy marketplace with stalls – wherever there is trade, there is a market.
“市场”是买卖双方聚集交换商品和服务的任何场所或系统。它不一定是实体地点，也可以是线上的。这个词与“merchant”（商人）有相同的词根。记忆助手：想象一个摊位林立的热闹集市——哪里有交易，哪里就有市场。
'Demand' is the quantity of a product that customers are willing and able to buy at a given price. Usually, as price falls, demand rises. Link 'demand' to 'command' – when you demand something, you really want it and you command the seller's attention. 'Supply' is the quantity that producers are willing and able to offer. The phrase 'supply and demand' can be remembered by imagining a supplier pushing goods up a slope while demand pulls them down.
“需求”是指在给定价格下顾客愿意且能够购买的产品数量。通常，价格下降，需求上升。把“demand”和“command”（命令）联系起来——当你 demand 某样东西时，你非常想要，你就会引起卖家的注意。“供给”是生产者愿意且能够提供的数量。想象一个供货商把商品往坡上推（供应），而需求把它们往下拉，这样就能记住“供给与需求”。
7. Business Finance – Assets, Liabilities, Capital | 商业财务：资产、负债与资本
An 'asset' is anything a business owns that has value, such as cash, equipment or buildings. Assets are resources that help generate future profit. Remember it as 'ASSet – something you can ASSess value from'. Visualise a treasure chest full of valuable items – those are the business's assets.
“资产”是企业拥有的任何有价值的东西，如现金、设备或建筑物。资产是能帮助创造未来利润的资源。记住“ASSet”就像是你可以评估（ASSess）价值的东西。想象一个装满宝物的宝箱——这些就是企业的资产。
A 'liability' is a debt or obligation that a business owes to others, such as loans or unpaid bills. It represents a future outflow of money. The word looks like 'liable', meaning you are legally responsible. Picture a backpack full of stones that you have to carry – those stones are liabilities because they weigh you down.
“负债”是企业欠他人的债务或义务，如贷款或未付账单。它代表未来的资金流出。这个词形似“liable”（负有法律责任的），意味着你负有法律责任。想象一个装满石头的背包，你不得不背着——那些石头就是负债，因为它们让你负重。
'Capital' is the money and assets invested in a business to start and run it. It can come from the owner's savings or from investors. Think of 'capital' as the 'captain' of the business ship – it steers and fuels the early journey. Without capital, the business cannot set sail.
“资本”是投资于企业以启动和运营的资金和资产。它可以来自所有者储蓄或投资者。把“capital”想象成企业这艘船的“captain”（船长）——它在早期旅程中掌舵并提供动力。没有资本，企业就无法启航。
8. Operations & Production | 运营与生产
'Operations' refers to the day-to-day activities that turn inputs into outputs, making sure the business runs smoothly. This covers manufacturing, quality control and logistics. The word contains 'operate' – think of a theatre crew operating lights and scenery behind the scenes. Operations are the backstage team of business.
“运营”是指将投入转化为产出的日常活动，确保企业顺畅运转。这包括制造、质量控制和物流。单词中含有“operate”（操作）——想象剧院幕后操作灯光和布景的团队。运营就是企业的幕后团队。
A 'supply chain' is the network of businesses and activities involved in producing and delivering a product, from raw materials to the final customer. Break it into 'supply' (providing) and 'chain' (connected links). Use the image of a bicycle chain where every link must work together to turn the wheels – if one link breaks, the product doesn't reach the customer.
“供应链”是涉及生产和交付产品的各个企业和活动的网络，从原材料到最终顾客。把它拆成“supply”（供应）和“chain”（链条）。用自行车链条的画面来记忆：每个链节都必须协同工作才能转动车轮——如果有链节断裂，产品就无法到达顾客手中。
'Productivity' measures how efficiently resources are used; it is the output per unit of input, such as units produced per worker. The formula is Productivity = Total Output / Total Input. Memory trick: 'productivity' sounds like 'produce activity'. The more you produce with the same effort, the more productive you are – like a baker doubling the loaves without extra work.
“生产率”衡量资源的使用效率，即每单位投入的产出，如每位工人生产的件数。公式为生产率 = 总产出 / 总投入。记忆技巧：“productivity”听起来像“produce activity”（生产活动）。用同样的努力生产得越多，生产率就越高——就像面包师不需额外努力就把面包数量翻倍。
9. Stakeholders & Business Environment | 利益相关者与商业环境
'Stakeholders' are individuals or groups that have an interest in a business and can affect or be affected by its actions. This includes owners, employees, customers, suppliers, local communities and the government. Visualise a wooden stake in the ground with many ropes tied to it, each rope held by a different person – everyone has a stake in the business.
“利益相关者”是与企业有利害关系、能够影响企业行为或受其影响的个人或群体。包括所有者、员工、顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。想象一根打入地下的木桩（stake），上面拴着许多绳索，每条绳索由不同的人拉住——每个人都在企业中有一份利害关系。
The 'business environment' covers all the external factors that can influence a business, such as economic conditions, technology, laws and social trends. Use the PESTLE memory tool more often used later, but for Year 7, just remember 'external' means outside. Think of a fish in water: the water temperature, cleanliness and predators are all part of the fish's environment, just as these big forces surround the business.
“商业环境”涵盖所有可能影响企业的外部因素，如经济状况、技术、法律和社会趋势。以后会学到PESTLE分析工具，但在Year 7只需记住“external”意味着外部。想象水中的鱼：水温和、清洁度和捕食者都是鱼的环境的一部分，同样这些强大的力量包围着企业。
10. Memory Techniques & Revision Tips | 记忆技巧与复习贴士
To make vocabulary stick, use the SEE principle: Sense, Exaggerate, Engage image (imagining a giant treasure chest as profit), and engage your senses by saying the word aloud while drawing a quick symbol. The crazier the image, the better your brain remembers it.
要让词汇牢牢记住，使用SEE原则：感官化（Sense）、夸张化（Exaggerate）、参与化（Engage）。为每个术语编造荒唐的故事或感觉（利润 = 奖品），把画面夸张化（想象一个巨大的宝箱作为利润），并边画简单符号边大声说出这个单词，调动感官参与。画面越疯狂，大脑记得越牢。
Create your own bilingual flashcards with a term on one side and the meaning plus a memory image on the other. Quiz yourself by predicting the English term from a Chinese clue, and vice versa. Group related terms into families – for example, put revenue, costs and profit on one mind map because they connect through the profit equation. Regularly revisit the map to refresh the links in your memory.
自制双语闪卡，一面写术语，另一面写定义和记忆画面。用中文提示猜英文术语，反之亦然，自我测试。把相关的术语归类成家族——例如，把收入、成本和利润放在同一张思维导图上，因为它们通过利润等式相连。定期回顾这张导图，刷新脑中的联系。
Finally, use the terms in context. Write a short paragraph about a fictional business, deliberately including at least five new words. Explain to a friend or family member what a 'sole trader' means. The act of speaking and writing cements the vocabulary far more effectively than silent reading.
最后，在语境中使用术语。写一段关于一家虚构企业的短文，刻意包含至少五个新词。向朋友或家人解释什么是“个体经营者”。说和写的行为比默读能更有效地巩固词汇。
Published by TutorHao | Business Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com
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