📚 Year 8 Edexcel Sociology: Quick-Reference Formulas and Theorems Handbook | Year 8 Edexcel 社会学:公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 8 Edexcel Sociology quick-reference guide. In sociology, we use simple formulas to measure social patterns and 'theorems' to describe widely accepted theories about how society works. This handbook will help you revise the most important formulas and theoretical principles for your exams.
欢迎使用你的 Year 8 Edexcel 社会学速查手册。在社会学中,我们使用简单的公式来衡量社会模式,并用“定理”来描述关于社会如何运作的广泛接受的理论。本手册将帮助你复习考试中最重要的公式和理论原则。
1. Understanding Sociological 'Formulas' and 'Theorems' | 理解社会学的“公式”与“定理”
Sociologists use quantitative formulas—such as rates and percentages—to measure social trends. A 'theorem' in sociology is a key theoretical idea that explains social behaviour, such as Durkheim's theorem on suicide. These tools help us analyse data and evaluate different perspectives.
社会学家使用定量公式(如比率和百分比)来衡量社会趋势。社会学中的“定理”是解释社会行为的关键理论思想,例如涂尔干关于自杀的定理。这些工具帮助我们分析数据和评估不同的视角。
2. Demographic Formulas | 人口学公式
Demography studies population changes. The formulas below help sociologists understand birth, death and migration patterns. All rates are usually expressed per 1,000 people unless stated otherwise.
人口学研究人口变化。下面的公式帮助社会学家理解出生、死亡和迁移模式。除非另有说明,所有比率通常以每千人表示。
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Birth Rate = (Number of live births ÷ Mid-year population) × 1000
粗出生率 = (活产数 ÷ 年中人口)× 1000。该公式衡量每千人中出生的婴儿数。
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Death Rate = (Number of deaths ÷ Mid-year population) × 1000
粗死亡率 = (死亡人数 ÷ 年中人口)× 1000。它显示每千人中的死亡人数。
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Natural Increase Rate = Birth Rate − Death Rate
自然增长率 = 出生率 − 死亡率。该结果通常以每千人表示,反映人口的自然增长(不包括迁移)。
Net Migration Rate
Net Migration Rate = (Immigrants − Emigrants) ÷ Mid-year population × 1000
净迁移率 = (迁入人数 − 迁出人数)÷ 年中人口 × 1000。它衡量净迁入或净迁出对人口的影响。
Total Population Change
Population Change = (Births − Deaths) + (Immigration − Emigration)
人口变化 = (出生人数 − 死亡人数)+ (迁入 − 迁出)。该公式计算特定时期内人口的实际增减。
3. Family and Household Formulas | 家庭与户公式
Understanding family structures requires measuring divorce, marriage and household composition. Use these formulas to analyse trends in family life.
理解家庭结构需要测量离婚、结婚和住户构成。使用这些公式分析家庭生活趋势。
Crude Divorce Rate
Divorce Rate = (Number of divorces ÷ Mid-year population) × 1000
粗离婚率 = (离婚对数 ÷ 年中人口)× 1000。它显示每千人中的离婚数量,注意离婚涉及一对夫妻。
Crude Marriage Rate
Marriage Rate = (Number of marriages ÷ Mid-year population) × 1000
粗结婚率 = (结婚对数 ÷ 年中人口)× 1000。它衡量每千人中的结婚对数。
Average Household Size
Average Household Size = Total population living in households ÷ Number of households
平均家庭规模 = 住户总人口 ÷ 住户数量。它反映一个地区典型住户的人数。
Dependency Ratio (Youth + Old Age)
