📚 Year 8 Edexcel Sociology: Key Terms Quick Reference Guide | Edexcel 8年级社会学关键术语速记指南
Sociology encourages us to question how society works and why people behave the way they do. This guide presents essential terms with paired English and Chinese explanations to support Year 8 Edexcel learners. Each definition is kept concise so you can build a solid vocabulary quickly.
社会学引导我们探究社会如何运行，以及人们的行为模式何以形成。本指南采用中英配对的释义，为学习Edexcel 8年级社会学的同学梳理核心术语。每条定义简明扼要，帮助你快速构建扎实的词汇基础。
1. Core Concepts | 核心概念
Every subject begins with its building blocks. In sociology, the most fundamental ideas help us describe the social world around us.
任何学科都从基石开始。社会学中，最基础的概念帮助我们描绘身边的社会世界。
Society – a large group of people who live in the same area, share a common culture, and interact with one another.
社会 – 生活在同一区域内、共享同一文化并相互作用的一大群人。
Culture – the shared way of life of a society, including its language, beliefs, norms, values, and material objects.
文化 – 社会共享的生活方式，包括语言、信仰、规范、价值观以及物质产品。
Socialisation – the lifelong process through which individuals learn the culture of their society and develop a sense of self.
社会化 – 个体学习所在社会的文化并形成自我意识的终身过程。
Social structure – the organised framework of relationships and institutions that shape society, such as family, education, and the economy.
社会结构 – 塑造社会的有序关系与制度框架，如家庭、教育和经济。
Social institution – an established organisation that fulfils key functions in society, for example, the family, school, or legal system.
社会制度 – 履行社会关键功能的既定组织，例如家庭、学校或法律体系。
2. Norms and Values | 规范与价值观
Society cannot function without shared expectations. Norms and values guide our everyday actions and moral judgements.
社会离开共同的期望便无法运转。规范与价值观指引着我们的日常行为与道德判断。
Norms – unwritten rules that define acceptable behaviour in specific situations, such as queuing or saying ‘thank you’.
规范 – 未成文的规则，决定着特定情境中可接受的行为，如排队或说“谢谢”。
Values – deeply held principles or standards that members of a society regard as important, such as honesty or respect for elders.
价值观 – 社会成员视为重要的深层原则或标准，例如诚实或尊重长者。
Mores – norms that carry strong moral significance; breaking them can lead to serious disapproval, such as laws against theft.
民德 – 具有强烈道德意义的规范；违反它们会招致严重否定，例如禁止盗窃的法律。
Folkways – informal social conventions that are less strictly enforced, like table manners or everyday greetings.
民俗 – 非正式的社会惯习，执行不那么严格，比如餐桌礼仪或日常问候。
Beliefs – ideas or convictions that individuals hold to be true, which may be religious, scientific, or ideological.
信仰 – 个体认为是真实的想法或信念，可以是宗教的、科学的或意识形态的。
3. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
Each person occupies several positions in society. These positions come with expectations that influence how we act.
每个人在社会中都占据着多个位置，这些位置带来的期望影响着我们的行为方式。
Status – the social position an individual holds, which can be high or low in social prestige.
地位 – 个体所拥有的社会位置，在社会声望上有高有低。
Ascribed status – a position assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life, such as gender, ethnicity, or age group.
先赋地位 – 出生时或后来非自愿获得的地位，如性别、种族或年龄群体。
Achieved status – a social position earned through personal effort, ability, or choice, such as becoming a doctor or an athlete.
自致地位 – 通过个人努力、能力或选择获得的社会位置，例如成为医生或运动员。
Role – the behaviour expected of a person who holds a particular status, for instance, a parent’s role involves caring for children.
角色 – 拥有特定地位的人被期待表现出的行为，例如家长的角色包含照顾子女。
Role conflict – tension between the demands of two or more roles held by the same person, such as balancing being a student and an employee.
角色冲突 – 同一人所承担的两个或多个角色要求之间的紧张关系，例如要兼顾学生身份和雇员身份。
4. Socialisation and Identity | 社会化与身份认同
Socialisation shapes who we become. It involves learning the skills and knowledge needed to participate in social life.
社会化塑造了我们成为的样子，涉及学习参与社会生活所需的技能和知识。
Primary socialisation – the first stage of social learning that occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family, where basic norms and language are acquired.
初级社会化 – 发生在幼儿期的第一阶段社会学习，主要在家里进行，习得基本规范和语言。
Secondary socialisation – the subsequent process that takes place beyond the family, through schools, peer groups, media, and other institutions.
次级社会化 – 在家庭之外继续发生的社会化过程，通过学校、同辈群体、媒体等机构进行。
Identity – the sense of who we are as individuals and as members of social groups, shaped by factors such as ethnicity, nationality, and class.
身份认同 – 我们作为个体和社会群体成员的自我意识，受种族、国籍、阶级等因素塑造。
Agents of socialisation – the individuals, groups, and institutions that carry out socialisation, including family, school, peers, media, and religion.
社会化主体 – 实施社会化的个人、群体和机构，包括家庭、学校、同辈、媒体和宗教。
5. Family and Household | 家庭与住户
Families vary greatly across time and cultures. Sociologists study family types to understand their functions and changes.
家庭随时代和文化不同而差异极大。社会学家研究家庭类型以理解其功能与变迁。
Family – a group of people connected by blood, marriage, or adoption, who share responsibilities and care for one another.
家庭 – 由血缘、婚姻或收养联系在一起的一群人，共同承担责任并相互照料。
Nuclear family – a unit consisting of two parents and their dependent children living in one household.
核心家庭 – 由一对父母及其受抚养子女组成的住在一个住户内的单位。
Extended family – a family structure that includes relatives beyond the nuclear group, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles, often living together or nearby.
扩展家庭 – 包含核心家庭以外亲属的结构，如祖父母、叔伯姑姨，通常同住或邻近而居。
Household – one person living alone or a group of people sharing a housing unit and common living arrangements, not necessarily related.
住户 – 一个人独居或一群人同住一个居住单元并共享生活安排，不一定有亲属关系。
Single-parent family – a family led by one adult raising children alone, often after separation, divorce, or the death of a partner.
单亲家庭 – 由一位成年人单独抚养子女的家庭，常出现在分居、离婚或丧偶之后。
Reconstituted family – sometimes called a blended family, where at least one parent brings children from a previous relationship into a new partnership.
重组家庭 – 有时也称混合家庭，至少有一方父母带着前段关系中的孩子进入新的伴侣关系。
6. Education and Socialisation | 教育与社会化
Education is a powerful agent of socialisation. It transmits knowledge but also norms, values, and expectations of the wider society.
教育是一种强有力的社会化主体，不仅传递知识，也传递着更广泛社会的规范、价值观和期望。
Education – a formal process of learning in schools and other settings, designed to develop knowledge, skills, and social understanding.
教育 – 在学校等环境中进行的正式学习过程，旨在发展知识、技能和社会理解。
Formal curriculum – the planned lessons and subjects, such as maths, English, and science, that are taught in schools.
正式课程 – 学校中计划好的授课科目，如数学、英语和科学。
Hidden curriculum – the unofficial, unwritten norms and values learned at school, such as punctuality, obedience, and competition.
隐性课程 – 在学校中学到的非官方、不成文的规范与价值观，如守时、服从和竞争精神。
Social mobility – the movement of individuals or groups within the social hierarchy, which education can affect by opening up opportunities.
社会流动 – 个人或群体在社会等级中的移动，教育可通过打开机会之门影响这种流动。
Meritocracy – a system where rewards and positions are allocated based on ability and effort, rather than background; schools are often seen as promoting meritocratic ideals.
贤能主义 – 一种依据能力和努力而非出身来分配回报和地位的系统；学校常被视为推崇贤能主义理想。
7. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Societies are divided into layers based on wealth, power, and status. Stratification affects life experiences and opportunities.
社会按照财富、权力和声望被划分为不同层级。分层影响着生活经历和机会。
Social stratification – the structured ranking of groups of people that leads to persistent inequality in access to resources and rewards.
社会分层 – 对不同人群进行结构化排序，导致资源与回报机会持续不平等。
Social class – a category of people who share a similar economic position, often defined by occupation, income, and education.
社会阶级 – 拥有相似经济地位的一类人，通常由职业、收入和教育界定。
Life chances – the opportunities an individual has to improve their quality of life, influenced by class, gender, and ethnicity.
生活机会 – 个体改善生活质量的机会，受阶级、性别和种族影响。
Poverty – a condition in which people lack the financial resources to meet basic needs; it can be absolute (lacking essentials) or relative (falling below average living standards).
贫困 – 人们缺乏满足基本需求的财政资源的状况；可以是绝对贫困（缺乏必需品）或相对贫困（低于平均生活水平）。
Social inequality – the unequal distribution of resources and opportunities among social groups, leading to disparities in areas like health and education.
社会不平等 – 资源与机会在不同社会群体间分配不均，导致健康、教育等方面的差距。
8. Research Methods | 研究方法入门
Sociologists collect evidence to understand society. Knowing basic research terms helps you evaluate studies.
社会学家收集证据以理解社会。了解基础研究术语有助于你评价各项研究。
Primary data – information gathered directly by the researcher for a specific purpose, such as through surveys or interviews.
一手数据 – 研究者为特定目的直接收集的信息，如通过问卷或访谈获得。
Secondary data – information already collected by someone else, for example, official statistics, historical documents, or previous studies.
二手数据 – 由他人已收集的信息，例如官方统计数据、历史文献或先前的研究。
Questionnaire – a set of written questions designed to obtain information from a large number of respondents, often with closed or open-ended items.
问卷 – 一套书面问题，旨在从大量受访者获取信息，常包含封闭式或开放式题目。
Interview – a conversation where a researcher asks questions to gather detailed responses; can be structured (fixed questions) or unstructured (free-flowing).
访谈 – 研究者通过提问获取详细回答的对话；可以是结构式（固定问题）或非结构式（自由展开）。
Observation – a method in which the researcher watches behaviour in natural or controlled settings, which can be participant (the researcher joins in) or non-participant.
观察 – 研究者在自然或受控环境中观察行为的方法，可以是参与式（研究者加入）或非参与式。
Sample – a smaller group selected from a larger population to represent it in research; key terms include random sample, stratified sample, and target population.
样本 – 从较大总体中选出以代表总体进行研究的小群体；相关术语包括随机样本、分层样本和目标总体。
9. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与偏差行为
Societies create rules to guide conduct. When norms are broken, various forms of control come into play.
社会制定规则来引导行为。当规范被打破时，各种形式的控制便开始运作。
Social control – the mechanisms a society uses to regulate individual and group behaviour, promoting conformity to norms.
社会控制 – 社会用来约束个体和群体行为的机制，促进对规范的遵从。
Formal sanctions – official punishments or rewards imposed by authorised bodies, such as fines, imprisonment, or academic prizes.
正式制裁 – 由权威机构施加的官方惩罚或奖励，如罚款、监禁或学术奖项。
Informal sanctions – unofficial responses from everyday interactions, such as praise, gossip, ridicule, or a disapproving stare.
非正式制裁 – 来自日常互动的非官方回应，如赞美、闲话、嘲笑或不赞同的目光。
Deviance – behaviour that violates the accepted norms of a society; it is not necessarily criminal and can range from minor oddity to serious rule-breaking.
偏差行为 – 违反社会公认规范的行为；不一定是犯罪，范围可以从轻微异行到严重违规。
Crime – an act that breaks the formal laws of a society and is punishable by legal sanctions.
犯罪 – 违反社会正式法律并应受法律制裁的行为。
Anomie – a state of normlessness where social norms are unclear or break down, often described by Durkheim as causing confusion and instability.
失范 – 一种规范缺失的状态，社会规范模糊或崩溃，涂尔干常将其描述为引起混乱和不稳定的根源。
10. Memory Techniques for Sociology | 社会学词汇记忆技巧
Retaining a large number of sociology terms can be challenging. Use these targeted memory techniques to make revision more effective and even enjoyable.
记住大量社会学术语可能颇具挑战。运用以下专为记忆设计的技巧，可以让复习更有效，甚至充满趣味。
Mnemonic devices – create short rhymes, phrases, or songs that link terms together. For socialisation, try ‘Family first, then school and friends, media messages never ends.’
记忆术 – 创编简短的押韵、短语或歌曲来串联术语。例如记忆社会化时，可尝试“家庭先，学校与友伴，媒体信息永不断”。
Acronyms – take the first letters of a list of concepts and form a memorable word. Use the acronym CARS: Culture, Ascribed status, Roles, Stratification – to recall core topics.
首字母缩略词 – 取一组概念的首字母形成一个易记的单词。可用缩写 CARS（文化、先赋地位、角色、分层）来回想核心话题。
Word association – connect each term to a vivid image or everyday example. For ‘meritocracy’, picture a podium where the fastest runner wins, regardless of their background.
词汇联想 – 把每个术语联结到生动的图像或日常例子。对于“贤能主义”，想象一个领奖台，跑得最快的人获胜，不论其背景。
Flashcards with self-quizzing – write the term on one side and the definition with an example on the other; test yourself daily, first with the term side then with the definition side.
闪卡自测 – 一面写术语，另一面写定义和例子；每天自测，先从术语面开始，再反转用定义面回忆。
The SOCIETY approach – organise your revision around the acronym SOCIETY: Socialisation, Observation (research method), Culture, Identity, Education, Theory, Year stratification (social class). Use this framework to link topics.
SOCIETY 记忆框架 – 围绕首字母缩略词 SOCIETY 组织复习：社会化、观察（研究方法）、文化、身份认同、教育、理论、年份分层（社会阶级）。用这个框架串联各个专题。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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