📚 Year 8 Edexcel Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 8 Edexcel 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering Biology in Year 8 requires a strong command of scientific vocabulary. This guide groups essential Edexcel terms by topic and provides simple memory hooks to help you learn them faster. Each term is explained in both English and Chinese, with mnemonics, word origins and visual associations to lock the words into your long‑term memory.
要掌握 Year 8 生物学，你必须牢牢记住大量科学词汇。本指南将 Edexcel 课程的核心术语按主题分组，并附上简洁的记忆挂钩，帮助你更快记牢。每个术语均配有中英双语解释，同时提供助记法、词源和形象联想，把单词刻入长期记忆。
1. The Seven Life Processes (MRS GREN) | 生命七大过程 (MRS GREN) 速记
All living organisms carry out seven life processes. The mnemonic MRS GREN helps you recall them: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. Practise saying it aloud to build a rhythm.
所有生物体都执行七大生命过程。助记口诀 MRS GREN 帮您记住它们：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。反复大声朗读，形成节奏感。
Movement – an action by an organism causing a change of position or place.
运动 – 生物体改变位置或地点的行为。
Respiration – the release of energy from food molecules; it occurs in every living cell.
呼吸 – 从食物分子中释放能量的过程；发生在每一个活细胞内。
Sensitivity – the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli).
感应 – 检测并响应环境变化（刺激）的能力。
Growth – a permanent increase in size and dry mass, using materials absorbed from the environment.
生长 – 利用从环境中吸收的物质，体积和干质量永久性增加。
Reproduction – the production of offspring, ensuring survival of the species.
繁殖 – 产生后代，保证物种延续。
Excretion – removal of toxic waste products made by metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and urea.
排泄 – 排出代谢产生的有毒废物，如二氧化碳和尿素。
Nutrition – obtaining food to provide energy and raw materials for growth and repair.
营养 – 摄取食物，为生长和修复提供能量与原料。
2. Cell Structures and Organelles | 细胞结构与细胞器
Cells are the building blocks of life. Learning organelles becomes simple when you compare an animal cell to a city: each organelle has a clear job.
细胞是生命的基石。如果把动物细胞比作一座城市，细胞器就是明确分工的部门，理解起来会简单得多。
Cell membrane – a thin, flexible barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell; think of it as a gate‑keeper.
细胞膜 – 一层薄而柔韧的屏障，控制物质进出细胞；把它想象成守门人。
Nucleus – the control centre of the cell; contains genetic material (DNA) and directs activities.
细胞核 – 细胞的控制中心；含有遗传物质（DNA），指挥细胞活动。
Cytoplasm – a jelly‑like substance where most chemical reactions happen; like the factory floor.
细胞质 – 果冻状的胶状物质，多数化学反应在此进行；好比工厂车间。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – the organelles where respiration occurs, releasing energy; the cell’s power stations.
线粒体 – 进行呼吸作用、释放能量的细胞器；细胞的发电站。
Cell wall (plants only) – a rigid outer layer made of cellulose that provides support and shape.
细胞壁（仅植物） – 由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，起支撑和固定形状的作用。
Chloroplast (plants only) – contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis; the ‘solar panel’ of the plant cell.
叶绿体（仅植物） – 含有进行光合作用的叶绿素；植物细胞的“太阳能板”。
Vacuole (large in plants) – a space filled with cell sap, storing water and nutrients; helps maintain turgor.
液泡（植物中较大） – 充满细胞液的空间，储存水和养分；有助于维持细胞紧张度。
3. Classification of Living Things | 生物分类术语
Classification organises the huge diversity of life. The system groups organisms based on shared features. Use the phrase ‘King Penguins Can Only Fly Good Somewhere’ to remember the order: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
分类法把浩瀚的生命多样性组织起来。系统根据共同特征对生物进行分组。可用“界门纲目科属种”七个字背下顺序：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。
Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
物种 – 能够互相交配并产生可育后代的一群生物。
Vertebrate – an animal with a backbone; the five main groups are mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
脊椎动物 – 有脊椎骨的动物；五大类群为哺乳类、鸟类、爬行类、两栖类和鱼类。
Invertebrate – an animal without a backbone, such as insects, spiders and worms.
无脊椎动物 – 没有脊椎骨的动物，如昆虫、蜘蛛和蠕虫。
Binomial system – the two‑part scientific naming system (genus and species) invented by Carl Linnaeus; e.g. Homo sapiens.
双名法 – 由林奈发明的两段式科学命名系统（属名和种名）；例如 Homo sapiens。
Dichotomous key – a tool that uses a series of paired statements to identify an organism step by step.
分叉检索表 – 通过一系列成对描述，逐步鉴定生物的工具。
4. Food Chains and Feeding Relationships | 食物链与摄食关系
A food chain shows how energy passes from one organism to another. Remember: the arrow points in the direction of energy flow, not who eats whom.
食物链展示能量如何在生物间传递。记住：箭头指向能量流动的方向，而不是“谁吃谁”。
Producer – an organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis; the first link of any food chain.
生产者 – 自养生物，通常通过光合作用制造食物；任何食物链的第一环。
Consumer – an organism that eats other organisms to obtain energy; can be primary, secondary or tertiary.
消费者 – 通过捕食其他生物获取能量的生物；可分为初级、次级和三级消费者。
Herbivore – an animal that eats only plants.
植食动物 – 只吃植物的动物。
Carnivore – an animal that eats only other animals.
肉食动物 – 只吃其他动物的动物。
Omnivore – an animal that eats both plants and animals.
杂食动物 – 既吃植物也吃动物的动物。
Decomposer – bacteria and fungi that break down dead material, recycling nutrients back into the soil.
分解者 – 分解死物质的细菌和真菌，将养分送回土壤中循环。
5. The Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
he path: Mouth → Oesophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.
消化将大块不溶性分子分解成可被吸收的小分子。不妨沿着路径背一遍：口腔 → 食道 → 胃 → 小肠 → 大肠 → 直肠 → 肛门。
Mouth – where mechanical digestion begins; saliva contains the enzyme amylase to break down starch.
口腔 – 机械性消化的起点；唾液含淀粉酶，可将淀粉分解。
Oesophagus – the muscular tube that pushes food to the stomach by peristalsis.
食道 – 通过蠕动将食物推向胃的肌性管道。
Stomach – churns food with gastric juice; protease enzymes begin digesting protein in acidic conditions.
胃 – 用胃液搅拌食物；蛋白酶在酸性条件下开始消化蛋白质。
Small intestine – where most digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed through villi into the blood.
小肠 – 大部分消化工作在此完成，营养素借绒毛被吸收进入血液。
Large intestine – absorbs water and salts from remaining material; forms semi‑solid faeces.
大肠 – 吸收剩余物质中的水和无机盐；形成半固体粪便。
Enzymes – biological catalysts that speed up digestion; each enzyme has a specific shape for its substrate (lock‑and‑key model).
酶 – 加速消化反应的生物催化剂；每种酶的形态与底物特应（锁钥模型）。
6. Breathing and Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
robic respiration stays on your tip: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy).
呼吸是肺部的物理通气过程，而呼吸作用（respiration）是化学能释放过程。有氧呼吸的文字方程要烂熟于心：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 (+ 能量)。
Trachea – the windpipe; reinforced with C‑shaped cartilage rings to keep the airway open.
气管 – 脊椎动物的呼吸管道，由C形软骨环加固，以保持气道通畅。
Bronchi (singular: bronchus) – two tubes branching from the trachea, each leading to a lung.
支气管 – 从气管分出的两根管道，各通入一叶肺。
Bronchioles – smaller branches of bronchi that end in clusters of air sacs.
细支气管 – 支气管的更小分支，末端是成簇的气囊。
Alveoli – tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries; the site of gas exchange. Their large surface area, thin walls and rich blood supply make diffusion efficient.
肺泡 – 被毛细血管包围的微小气囊；气体交换场所。巨大的表面积、极薄的壁和丰富的血液供应让扩散高效进行。
Diaphragm – a dome‑shaped muscle below the lungs; contracts and flattens to draw air in.
膈 – 肺下方的穹顶形肌肉；收缩并拉平时，将空气吸入肺部。
7. Plant and Human Reproduction Basics | 植物与人类生殖基础术语
Reproduction guarantees species survival. Plants use flowers and pollination, while humans produce gametes for sexual reproduction. Both processes involve fertilisation – the fusion of male and female nuclei.
繁殖保证了物种存续。植物利用花朵和传粉，人类则产生配子进行有性生殖。两种方式都涉及受精——雄性与雌性细胞核的结合。
Pollination – transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma; can be wind‑ or insect‑carried.
传粉 – 花粉从花药传到柱头的过程；可借风或昆虫完成。
Fertilisation (plants) – fusion of male nucleus from pollen with female nucleus in ovule; leads to seed formation.
受精（植物） – 花粉中的雄核与胚珠中的雌核结合；进而形成种子。
Gamete – a sex cell (sperm in males, egg in females) containing half the usual number of chromosomes.
配子 – 性细胞（雄性为精子，雌性为卵细胞），含有正常染色体数目的一半。
Embryo – the early stage of development after fertilisation; up to about eight weeks in humans.
胚胎 – 受精后发育的早期阶段；人类为约八周前的阶段。
Placenta – an organ that grows during pregnancy; allows exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between mother and foetus.
胎盘 – 妊娠期间形成的器官；可在母体和胎儿之间交换氧气、养分和废物。
8. Inheritance and DNA Keywords | 遗传与DNA关键词
Inheritance explains why we resemble our parents. The DNA‑chromosome‑gene model is a favourite topic: think of DNA as a cookbook, genes as individual recipes, and chromosomes as the volume that holds the recipes.
遗传学解释了为什么我们像父母。DNA‑染色体‑基因模型是必考重点：把DNA想象成菜谱全书，基因是一道道菜的食谱，而染色体就是装订食谱的分册。
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; a double‑helix molecule that stores genetic information.
DNA – 脱氧核糖核酸；储存遗传信息的双螺旋分子。
Gene – a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein; the unit of inheritance.
基因 – DNA上编码特定蛋白质的片段；遗传的基本单位。
Chromosome – a long, coiled molecule of DNA found in the nucleus; humans have 46 (23 pairs).
染色体 – 细胞核内长链卷曲的DNA分子；人类有46条（23对）。
Dominant allele – the version of a gene that will be expressed even if only one copy is present; shown with a capital letter.
显性等位基因 – 即使只有一份拷贝也会表现出来的基因形式；用大写字母表示。
Recessive allele – the version that is masked by the dominant unless two copies are present; shown with a lowercase letter.
隐性等位基因 – 在显性基因面前被掩盖的形式，只有两份都存在时才表达；用小写字母表示。
9. Ecosystems and Habitats | 生态系统与栖息地
anism → population → community → ecosystem. Visualising this hierarchy prevents confusion.
生态学术语像套娃一样层层嵌套：个体 → 种群 → 群落 → 生态系统。在脑海中画出这个层级可以避免混淆。
Habitat – the place where an organism lives, providing food, shelter and a place to reproduce.
栖息地 – 生物生活的地方，提供食物、庇护所和繁殖场所。
Population – all the members of a single species living in the same habitat at the same time.
种群 – 在同一时间、同一栖息地生活的同种个体的总和。
Community – all the populations of different species that live together in a habitat.
群落 – 同一栖息地内共同生活的所有不同物种的种群。
Ecosystem – the interaction of a community with the non‑living (abiotic) parts of its environment.
生态系统 – 群落与其生活环境中的非生物部分相互作用形成的统一整体。
Adaptation – a feature that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment; can be structural, behavioural or physiological.
适应 – 帮助生物在环境中生存繁衍的特征；可以是结构上的、行为上的或生理上的。
10. Microbes and Defence | 微生物与防御术语
Not all microbes are harmful, but pathogens can cause disease. The immune system deploys white blood cells and antibodies like a targeted defence force. Vaccination ‘trains’ the body to recognise invaders.
并非所有微生物都有害，但病原体可能致病。免疫系统像一支精准防御部队，派出白细胞和抗体作战。疫苗则“训练”身体识别入侵者。
Microorganism (microbe) – a tiny organism only visible under a microscope; includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and protoctists.
微生物 – 仅在显微镜下可见的微小生物；包括细菌、病毒、真菌和原生生物。
Pathogen – a microorganism that causes disease, e.g. Salmonella bacteria.
病原体 – 致病的微生物，例如沙门氏菌。
White blood cell – part of the immune system; some engulf pathogens by phagocytosis, while others produce antibodies.
白细胞 – 免疫系统的一部分；部分通过吞噬作用吞没病原体，另一些产生抗体。
Antibody – a Y‑shaped protein that binds to specific antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction.
抗体 – Y形蛋白质，与病原体上特定抗原结合，标记病原体以待摧毁。
Vaccine – a preparation containing dead or weakened pathogens that stimulates antibody production and creates 'memory cells'.
疫苗 – 含有已灭活或减毒病原体的制剂，刺激抗体生成并产生“记忆细胞”。
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