📚 Year 8 Edexcel Physics: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 8 Edexcel 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics vocabulary in Year 8 is your secret weapon for understanding every topic and acing your exams. This guide gives you clear, bite-sized definitions in both English and Chinese for all the essential Edexcel terms. With helpful memory tips and key equations, you can speed up your revision and build a strong foundation in physics.
在 Year 8 掌握物理词汇是你理解每个知识点并在考试中脱颖而出的秘诀。本指南以中英双语为你整理了 Edexcel 课程中所有关键术语的清晰定义。搭配记忆技巧和重要公式，你可以快速复习，为物理学习打下扎实的基础。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or pull acting on an object due to its interaction with another object. It can change an object's speed, direction or shape. Measured in newtons (N). Tip: Think of force as an 'invisible hand' pushing or pulling.
力：一个物体对另一个物体的推或拉作用。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状，单位是牛顿（N）。记忆技巧：把力想象成一只“看不见的手”在推或拉。
Newton: The SI unit of force, named after Isaac Newton. One newton is roughly the weight of a small apple on Earth. Tip: Remember 'N' for newton and 'net push'.
牛顿：力的国际单位，以艾萨克·牛顿命名。1 牛顿大约相当于地球上一个小苹果的重量。记忆：看到 N 就想到“牛顿”和“净推力”。
Balanced forces: When two or more forces acting on an object cancel each other out, producing no change in motion. The resultant force is zero. Example: a book resting on a table.
平衡力：作用在物体上的几个力互相抵消，合力为零，物体的运动状态不变。例如：静止在桌面上的书。
Unbalanced forces: Forces that do not cancel out, resulting in a change in an object' The resultant force is not zero. Tip: Unbalanced = unequal = acceleration or deceleration.
非平衡力：不能互相抵消的力，会导致物体运动状态改变（加速、减速或转向），合力不为零。记忆：力不平衡就会引起速度变化。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful (grip) or unwanted (heat loss). Tip: Friction fights motion.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它既有用（如防滑）又有害（产生热量损失）。记忆：摩擦力总是与运动方向相反。
Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object's mass. It depends on mass and gravitational field strength. The formula linking weight, mass and g is:
weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg)
重量：地球引力作用在物体质量上的力，取决于质量和引力场强。公式：重量（N）= 质量（kg）× 引力场强（N/kg）。记住：重量是力，质量是物质多少。
Mass: in an : The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass does not change with location. Tip: Mass = 'how much stuff', it stays the same everywhere.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，单位千克（kg）。质量不随位置改变。记忆：质量就是“物质分量”，在哪里都不变。
Gravitational field strength (g): y a planet. On Earth, g ≈ 10 N/kg. It makes objects fall and gives them weight. Tip: Earth's g is about 10 N/kg, easy to calculate.
引力场强度（g）：行星对单位质量施加的引力。地球上 g ≈ 10 N/kg。它使物体下落并产生重量。记忆：地球上 g 约 10 N/kg，方便计算。
Speed: How fast an object moves, the distance travelled per unit time. It is a scalar quantity. The equation is:
speed = distance ÷ time
速度：物体移动的快慢，单位时间内通过的距离。速度是标量。公式：速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。记作“距离除以时间”。
2. Energy | 能量
Energy: The capacity to do work or cause change. It is measured in joules (J). Energy can be stored or transferred, but never created or destroyed. Tip: Energy is the 'currency' of change.
能量：做功或引起变化的能力，单位是焦耳（J）。能量可以储存或转移，但不会凭空产生或消失。记忆：能量是引发改变的“货币”。
Joule (J): work done when a force of one newton moves an object one metre. Tip: 1 J = 1 N moved 1 m.
焦耳（J）：能量的单位。1 焦耳相当于 1 牛顿的力使物体移动 1 米所做的功。记忆：1 J = 1 N × 1 m。
Kinetic energy: ect, the more kinetic energy it has. Tip: Kinetic = motion energy; imagine a rolling ball.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。速度越快、质量越大，动能越大。记忆：动能就是“运动能”，滚动的球最有代表性。
Gravitational potential energy (GPE): Energy stored in an object due to its height above the ground. It depends on weight (or mass and g) and height. Calculated with:
GPE = weight × height or GPE = mgh
重力势能（GPE）：物体因被举高而储存的能量。取决于重量（或质量和 g）和高度。公式：GPE = 重量 × 高度 或 GPE = mgh。记忆：物体举得越高，重力势能越大。
Elastic potential energy: Energy stored in a stretched or compressed elastic object, such as a spring or rubber band. Tip: Think 'stretch and snap back'.
弹性势能：储存在被拉伸或压缩的弹性物体（如弹簧、橡皮筋）中的能量。记忆：拉长橡皮筋，松手后弹回就是释放弹性势能。
Chemical energy store: Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, such as food, fuels and batteries. It is released during chemical reactions. Tip: Fuel and food are chemical energy banks.
化学能储存：储存在化合物化学键中的能量，如食物、燃料和电池。通过化学反应释放。记忆：燃料和食物就是化学能的“存钱罐”。
Work done: k done (J) = force (N) × distance (m). If there is no movement, no work is done. Equation:
work done = force × distance
做功：力使物体移动时传递的能量。做功（J）= 力（N）× 沿力方向移动的距离（m）。如果没有移动，做功为零。记忆：有力有位移才做功。
Dissipation: The spreading out of energy into less useful forms, often as heat. In all energy transfers, some energy is dissipated, making processes less efficient. Tip: 'Wasted' energy spreads out and heats surroundings.
能量耗散：能量转化为不太有用的形式（通常是热能）并散失。在任何能量转移中，总有一部分能量耗散，使效率降低。记忆：耗散的能量就像洒掉的水，再也聚不回来。
3. Waves | 波
Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter. Sound, light and water ripples are examples. Tip: Energy moves, not the particles.
波：通过扰动传递能量而不传递物质的运动。声波、光波和水波都是例子。记忆：波传能量不传物质。
Amplitude: larger amplitude means louder sound. Tip: Amplitude = wave height; tall wave = big energy.
振幅：波上某点偏离平衡位置的最大位移。在声波中，振幅越大声音越响。记忆：振幅就是波的高度，能量越大波越高。
Wavelength: The distance between two corresponding points on consecutive waves, such as crest to crest or trough to trough. Measured in metres (m). Symbol: λ (lambda). Tip: One full wave cycle length.
波长：相邻两个波上对应点（如波峰到波峰）之间的距离，单位米（m），符号为 λ。记忆：一个完整波的长度。
Frequency: One hertz = one wave per second. Tip: Frequency = how often; high frequency = many waves.
频率：每秒通过某点的完整波的个数，单位赫兹（Hz）。1 Hz = 每秒 1 个波。记忆：频率就是“多频繁”，高频意味着波很密集。
Hertz (Hz): The unit of frequency, equivalent to 'per second'. Named after Heinrich Hertz. Tip: Think 'heartbeat' – if your heart beats 2 times a second, that's 2 Hz.
赫兹（Hz）：频率的单位，相当于“每秒”。以海因里希·赫兹命名。记忆：像心跳，每秒次数就是 Hz。
Transverse wave: lar to the direction of energy transfer. Examples: light, water ripples. Tip: Transverse = 'across' – vibrations go up and down while wave moves forward.
横波：振动方向与能量传递方向垂直的波。例如光波、水波。记忆：横波振动像蛇行，横穿前进方向。
Longitudinal wave: A wave
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