📚 Year 8 Edexcel Maths: Quick Memorisation Guide to Key Vocabulary Terms | Year 8 Edexcel 数学：词汇术语速记指南
Maths is a language of its own. To solve problems accurately and explain your reasoning, you must be fluent in its key terms. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary for Year 8 Edexcel Mathematics into topic-based sections. Each term is defined clearly in English and Chinese, with simple examples to help you memorise them quickly and apply them with confidence.
数学本身是一种语言。要想准确解题并清晰表述推理过程，你必须掌握其关键术语。本指南将 Year 8 Edexcel 数学的核心词汇按主题分类，每个术语均配有简明扼要的英文和中文释义，并辅以简单示例，帮助你快速记忆、自信应用。
1. Number and Place Value | 数与位值
A solid understanding of number vocabulary helps you handle everything from estimation to rounding in real-life problems.
牢固掌握数字相关词汇能帮助你处理实际问题中的估算和四舍五入等各种情形。
Integer: A whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero. Examples: −3, 0, 42.
整数：可以是正数、负数或零的完整数字。例如：−3、0、42。
Negative number: A number less than zero, written with a minus sign. On a number line, it is to the left of zero.
负数：小于零的数，书写时带有减号。在数轴上位于零的左侧。
Digit: Any of the symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 used to write numbers. The number 507 has three digits.
数字：用于书写数的符号 0 到 9 中的任何一个。数字 507 有三个数字。
Place value: The value of a digit depending on its position in a number. In 4.62, the digit 6 represents 6 tenths (6/10).
位值：一个数字在数中的位置所决定的值。在 4.62 中，数字 6 代表 6 个十分之一（6/10）。
Rounding: Replacing a number with a nearby number that is easier to work with, often to the nearest 10, 100, or decimal place. 348 rounded to the nearest 100 is 300.
四舍五入：将一个数替换为一个更便于使用的近似数，通常精确到十位、百位或小数位。348 四舍五入到百位为 300。
Significant figure: The important digits in a number that convey its precision. 0.00456 has three significant figures (4, 5, 6).
有效数字：数字中能够体现精度的关键数字。0.00456 有三个有效数字（4、5、6）。
Estimate: To find an approximate answer, often by rounding numbers first, in order to check if a calculated answer is reasonable.
估算：通常通过先四舍五入得出近似答案，用以检验计算结果是否合理。
2. Fractions, Decimals and Percentages | 分数、小数与百分数
Fractions, decimals and percentages are three ways of expressing parts of a whole. Knowing the terminology allows you to switch between them easily.
分数、小数和百分数是表示整体的部分的三种方式。掌握相关术语能让你轻松在它们之间转换。
Fraction: A number that names a part of a whole, written with a numerator and a denominator. ¾ is a fraction.
分数：用分子和分母表示整体的一部分的数。¾ 是一个分数。
Numerator: The top number in a fraction that shows how many equal parts are taken. In ⅔, the numerator is 2.
分子：分数中上方的数，表示取了多少等份。在 ⅔ 中，分子是 2。
Denominator: The bottom number in a fraction that shows the total number of equal parts the whole is divided into. In ⅝, the denominator is 8.
分母：分数中下方的数，表示整体被分成了多少等份。在 ⅝ 中，分母是 8。
Equivalent fractions: Fractions that have the same value even though they look different. ½, 2/4 and 3/6 are equivalent.
等值分数：虽然写法不同但数值相等的分数。½、2/4 和 3/6 是等值的。
Simplify (a fraction): To reduce a fraction to its simplest form by dividing numerator and denominator by their highest common factor. 8/12 simplifies to ⅔.
约简（分数）：用分子和分母的最大公因数同时除它们，将分数化为最简形式。8/12 约简为 ⅔。
Decimal: A number written with a decimal point, using tenths, hundredths, etc. 0.75 is a decimal.
小数：用小数点以及十分位、百分位等书写的数。0.75 是一个小数。
Percentage: A rate per hundred, written with the symbol %. 45% means 45 out of 100.
百分数：以百分之一为单位的比率，用符号 % 表示。45% 表示每百份中的 45 份。
Recurring decimal: A decimal in which one or more digits repeat endlessly. 0.333... (or 0.3̅) is a recurring decimal.
循环小数：小数部分有一位或多位数字不断重复出现。0.333…（或 0.3̅）是循环小数。
3. Ratio and Proportion | 比和比例
Ratio and proportion help you compare quantities and understand how one amount changes in relation to another.
比和比例帮助你比较数量，并理解一个量如何随另一个量变化。
Ratio: A way to compare two or more quantities, showing how many times one value contains another. The ratio of apples to oranges is 3:2.
比：一种比较两个或更多数量的方式，显示一个量包含另一个量的多少倍。苹果与橙子的比是 3:2。
Proportion: A part that considers the size of one group compared to the whole. If 3 out of 5 students are girls, the proportion of girls is 3/5.
比例：考虑某一部分相对于整体的大小。若 5 名学生中有 3 名女生，女生所占比例为 3/5。
Simplify ratio: To divide all parts of a ratio by a common factor to make it as small as possible while keeping the same relationship. 6:8 simplifies to 3:4.
化简比：用公共因数除以比的各项，使其尽可能小同时保持原有关系。6:8 化简为 3:4。
Direct proportion: A relationship where two quantities increase or decrease at the same rate. If 2 pencils cost £1, then 6 pencils cost £3; cost is in direct proportion to the number of pencils.
正比例：两个量以相同速率增加或减少的关系。若 2 支铅笔售价 1 镑，则 6 支售价 3 镑；费用与铅笔数量成正比。
Scale factor: The multiplier used to enlarge or reduce a shape or a quantity while keeping proportions. A scale factor of 2 doubles each length.
比例因子：用于放大或缩小形状或数量的乘数，同时保持比例。比例因子为 2 时，每条长度翻倍。
Unitary method: Finding the value of one unit first, then multiplying to find the required value. If 5 kg cost £20, 1 kg costs £4, so 8 kg cost £32.
单位法：先求出一个单位的值，再乘以所需的单位数。若 5 公斤 20 镑，则 1 公斤 4 镑，所以 8 公斤 32 镑。
4. Algebra Basics | 代数基础
Algebra is the branch of maths that uses letters and symbols to represent numbers and relationships. Grasping these terms will unlock equation solving.
代数是数学中运用字母和符号表示数字及关系的分支。掌握这些术语将为你打开解方程的大门。
Variable: A symbol, usually a letter, that stands for an unknown or changeable number. In x + 5, x is the variable.
变量：通常用字母表示未知或可变的数。在 x + 5 中，x 是变量。
Term: A single mathematical expression that can be a number, a variable, or numbers and variables multiplied together. In 3x² + 2x − 7, the terms are 3x², 2x and −7.
项：单个数学表达式，可以是一个数字、一个变量或数字与变量的乘积。在 3x² + 2x − 7 中，各项为 3x²、2x 和 −7。
Coefficient: The number multiplying a variable in a term. In 4y, the coefficient is 4.
系数：项中与变量相乘的数字。在 4y 中，系数是 4。
Expression: A combination of terms linked by + or − signs, without an equals sign. 2a + 5b − 3 is an expression.
表达式：由 + 或 − 号连接的若干项的组合，不含等号。2a + 5b − 3 是一个表达式。
Equation ent that two expressions are equal, containing an equals sign. 3x + 1 = 10 is an equation.
方程：两个表达式相等并含有等号的陈述。3x + 1 = 10 是一个方程。
Like terms: Terms that contain exactly the same variable raised to the same power. 5x and −2x are like terms; 3x² and 2x are not.
同类项：含有完全相同的变量且变量的幂次也相同的项。5x 和 −2x 是同类项；3x² 和 2x 不是。
Expand: To remove brackets by multiplying each term inside by the factor outside. 3(a + 4) expands to 3a + 12.
展开：通过将括号内的每一项乘以外面的因数来去掉括号。3(a + 4) 展开得到 3a + 12。
Factorise: To rewrite an expression as a product of factors by taking out a common factor. 6x + 9 factorises to 3(2x + 3).
因式分解：通过提出公因数把一个表达式改写为因式的乘积。6x + 9 因式分解为 3(2x + 3)。
5. Linear Equations | 线性方程
Linear equations are the simplest type of equation, and solving them builds the foundation for all future algebra work.
线性方程是最简单的一类方程，解这类方程是未来所有代数学习的基础。
Linear equation he : An equation where the highest power of the variable is 1. Its graph is a straight line. Example: 2x + 3 = 11.
线性方程：变量的最高次幂为 1 的方程。其图像是一条直线。例如：2x + 3 = 11。
Solve ind the value of the unknown that makes the equation true. Solving x + 7 = 10 gives x = 3.
解（方程）：找出使方程成立的未知数的值。解 x + 7 = 10 得到 x = 3。
Inverse operation: An operation that reverses the effect of another operation. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations; multiplication and division are inverse.
逆运算：与另一种运算效果相反的运算。加法与减法互为逆运算；乘法与除法互为逆运算。
Balance method: A technique for solving equations where you keep both sides equal by doing the same operation to both sides. Add 4 to both sides, then divide by 3.
平衡法：一种解方程的方法，通过对等式两边同时进行相同运算来保持两边相等。两边同加 4，再同除以 3。
Unknown: The value you are trying to find, often represented by a letter such as x or y.
未知数：你试图寻找的值，通常用 x 或 y 这样的字母表示。
Solution: The value (or values)
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