📚 Year 7 CAIE Geography: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CAIE 地理：核心知识点梳理
In Year 7 CAIE Geography, students explore the fundamentals of physical and human geography, as well as essential map skills. This revision guide summarises the core knowledge areas, providing clear bilingual explanations to help learners consolidate key concepts for their assessments.
在 Year 7 CAIE 地理课程中，学生探索自然地理和人文地理的基础，以及重要的地图技能。这份复习指南总结了核心知识领域，提供清晰的双语解释，帮助学习者巩固关键概念以应对评估。
1. Map Basics | 地图基础
A map is a simplified drawing of an area, showing selected features. It helps us navigate and understand spatial relationships.
地图是一个区域的简化图，显示选定的特征。它帮助我们导航并理解空间关系。
Key elements of any map include:
任何地图的关键要素包括：
• Title – tells you what the map shows.
• 标题 – 说明地图显示的内容。
• Legend (key) – explains the symbols and colours used.
• 图例 – 解释使用的符号和颜色。
• Scale – shows the relationship between distances on the map and real distances.
• 比例尺 – 显示地图上的距离与实际距离之间的关系。
• Compass rose – indicates direction (north, south, east, west).
• 指南针 – 指示方向（北、南、东、西）。
• Grid lines – help locate places precisely.
• 网格线 – 帮助精确定位地点。
2. Direction and Grid References | 方向和网格参照
Direction is given using compass points. The four cardinal points are North, South, East, and West. Intermediate directions include NE, SE, SW, NW.
方向使用罗盘点表示。四个基本方位是北、南、东、西。中间方位包括东北、东南、西南、西北。
Grid references help locate features on Ordnance Survey maps. A four-figure grid reference identifies a specific grid square (e.g., 1234). A six-figure grid reference locates a point within that square more precisely (e.g., 126345).
网格参照帮助在 Ordnance Survey 地图上定位特征。四位数网格参照识别一个特定的网格方格（如 1234）。六位数网格参照更精确地定位该方格内的一个点（如 126345）。
Remember the rule: 'Along the corridor and up the stairs' – first read the eastings (horizontal lines), then the northings (vertical lines).
记住规则："沿着走廊再上楼" – 先读东距线（水平坐标），再读北距线（垂直坐标）。
3. Scale and Distance | 比例尺与距离
Scale can be shown in three ways: as a statement (e.g., '1 cm represents 1 km'), as a linear scale (a line divided into units), or as a representative fraction (e.g., 1:50 000).
比例尺可以用三种方式表示：文字说明（例如"1厘米代表1公里"），直线比例尺（分成单位的线段），或分数比例尺（例如 1:50 000）。
Actual Distance = Map Distance × Scale Factor
实际距离 = 图上距离 × 比例尺分母
distance of 4 cm corresponds to 4 × 50 000 = 200 000 cm, or 2 km in the real world.
例如，在 1:50 000 地图上，量得距离为 4 厘米，对应的实地距离为 4 × 50 000 = 200 000 厘米，即 2 公里。
4. Height on Maps: Contours and Relief | 地图上的高度：等高线与地形
Contour lines connect points of equal height above sea level. The closer the lines, the steeper the slope. Contour interval is the vertical distance between lines.
等高线连接海平面以上高度相等的点。等高线越密集，坡度越陡。等高线间距是两条等高线之间的垂直距离。
When contour lines form a 'V' shape pointing uphill, it indicates a valley; a 'V' pointing downhill indicates a ridge or spur.
当等高线形成指向高处的 V 形时，表示山谷；指向低处的 V 形表示山脊或山嘴。
Layer colouring (hypsometric tints) uses different colours to show height bands, such as green for lowlands and brown for highlands.
分层设色（高程着色）使用不同颜色显示高度带，例如绿色表示低地，棕色表示高地。
5. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather refers to the short-term state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. Climate is the average weather conditions over a long period (typically 30 years).
天气指特定时间和地点的大气短期状态。气候是长时期（通常 30 年）的平均天气状况。
Common weather instruments include thermometer (temperature), rain gauge (precipitation), anemometer (wind speed), wind vane (wind direction), and barometer (air pressure).
常见的天气仪器包括温度计（温度）、雨量计（降水量）、风速计（风速）、风向标（风向）和气压计（气压）。
Major climate types include tropical rainforest, desert, Mediterranean, and temperate. These are influenced by latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and ocean currents.
主要的气候类型包括热带雨林、沙漠、地中海和温带气候。它们受纬度、海拔、距海远近和洋流影响。
6. Rivers: From Source to Mouth | 河流：从源头到河口
A river changes along its course. In the upper course, steep gradients lead to vertical erosion, forming V-shaped valleys and waterfalls. In the middle course, lateral erosion creates meanders. In the lower course, deposition builds floodplains and deltas.
河流在流程中发生变化。上游坡度陡，垂直侵蚀形成 V 形谷和瀑布。中游侧向侵蚀形成曲流。下游沉积作用形成泛滥平原和三角洲。
Erosion involves hydraulic action (force of water), abrasion (rocks scraping the bed), attrition (rocks collide and break), and solution (dissolving of minerals).
侵蚀包括水力作用（水的冲击力）、磨蚀（岩石刮擦河床）、磨耗（岩石相互碰撞破碎）和溶蚀（矿物溶解）。
7. Coastal Landforms | 海岸地貌
Waves erode coasts through processes like hydraulic action and abrasion, creating features such as cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, and stacks. Deposition forms beaches, spits, and bars.
波浪通过水力作用和磨蚀等过程侵蚀海岸，形成悬崖、海蚀平台、海蚀洞穴、海蚀拱和岩柱。沉积作用形成海滩、沙嘴和沙坝。
Longshore drift moves sediment along the coast in a zigzag pattern, driven by waves hitting the shore at an angle.
沿岸漂移是由波浪以一定角度冲击海岸，使沉积物以之字形沿海岸移动的过程。
8. Settlement Patterns | 聚落模式
Settlements can be classified by shape: dispersed (scattered farms), linear (along a road or river), or nucleated (clustered around a centre). The site of a settlement refers to the actual land it is built on; the situation describes its location in relation to surrounding features.
聚落可按形态分类：分散型（散落的农场）、线型（沿道路或河流）或核心型（围绕中心聚集）。聚落的选址指其建造的实际土地；聚落的位置指其与周围特征的关系。
Settlement hierarchy ranks places by size and services. A hamlet offers few services; a town or city offers many. The threshold population is the minimum number of people needed to support a service.
聚落等级按规模和服务功能排序。小村庄提供的服务很少；城镇或城市提供很多服务。门槛人口是维持一项服务所需的最低人数。
9. Population Change | 人口变化
Population change is driven by birth rate, death rate, and migration.
人口变化受出生率、死亡率和迁移驱动。
Natural Increase = Birth Rate − Death Rate
自然增长 = 出生率 − 死亡率
Population density measures how many people live per square kilometre (km²).
人口密度衡量每平方公里（km²）居住的人数。
Population pyramids show the age-sex structure of a country. Expanding pyramids have a wide base (high birth rate); contracting pyramids have a narrow base; stationary pyramids are more rectangular.
人口金字塔显示一个国家的年龄-性别结构。扩张型金字塔基部宽（高出生率）；收缩型金字塔基部窄；静止型较矩形。
10. Economic Activities and Resources | 经济活动与资源
Economic activities are classified into primary (extracting raw materials), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (providing services), and quaternary (information and research). The relative importance of these sectors changes as a country develops.
经济活动分为第一产业（开采原材料）、第二产业（制造业）、第三产业（提供服务）和第四产业（信息与研究）。随着国家发展，这些产业的相对重要性会发生变化。
Resources can be renewable (e.g., solar, wind) or non-renewable (
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