📚 Year 7 CAIE Geography: Core Knowledge Review | Year 7 CAIE 地理：核心知识点梳理
In Year 7, Cambridge Lower Secondary Geography introduces students to the exciting relationship between people and the natural world. This article brings together the most important topics – from map reading and weather systems to rivers, coasts, population and resources. By mastering these fundamentals, you will build a solid base for more advanced geographical thinking in the years ahead.
在 Year 7 阶段，剑桥初中地理课程将带领同学们探索人类与自然世界之间令人着迷的关系。本文梳理了最重要的专题，从地图阅读、天气系统，到河流、海岸、人口和资源。掌握这些基础知识，将为未来更深层次的地理学习打下扎实的基础。
1. What Is Geography? | 什么是地理学？
Geography is the study of the Earth's landscapes, peoples, places and environments. It bridges the social sciences (human geography) with the natural sciences (physical geography). The subject investigates where things are located, why they are there, and how places and spaces change over time. In Year 7, you begin to ask geographical questions and use evidence to explain patterns and processes.
地理学是研究地球景观、人类、地点和环境的学科。它将社会科学（人文地理）与自然科学（自然地理）连接起来。这门学科探究事物的位置、它们为何在那里，以及地点与空间如何随时间变化。在 Year 7，你开始提出地理问题，并利用证据来解释格局和过程。
2. Map Skills: Direction, Scale and Symbols | 地图技能：方向、比例尺和图例
Map skills form the foundation of all geographical enquiry. You learn to use the eight compass points – N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW – and how to give directions using bearings measured in degrees clockwise from north. Scale tells us the relationship between distance on a map and distance in the real world. A scale of 1:25,000 means that 1 cm on the map represents 25,000 cm (or 250 m) on the ground. Maps use symbols and a key to stand for real features, making them easier to read.
地图技能是所有地理探究的基础。你需要学习使用八个罗盘方位（北、东北、东、东南、南、西南、西、西北），以及如何用从正北顺时针测量的方位角来指示方向。比例尺告诉我们地图上的距离与实地距离之间的关系。例如 1:25,000 的比例尺表示地图上 1 cm 代表实地 25,000 cm（即 250 m）。地图使用符号和图例来代表真实地物，让阅读更加简便。
Below is a table of common map symbols used in Ordnance Survey and similar mapping:
以下是地形测量及类似地图中常见符号的表格：
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| + | Church with a tower |
| ⊕ | Church with a spire |
| ⛃ | Windmill |
| ☯ | Campsite |
| == | Railway line |
| ♦ | Bus station |
3. Contour Lines and Relief | 等高线与地形
Contour lines are brown lines on a topographic map that join points of equal height above sea level. The vertical difference between two contour lines is called the contour interval. When lines are close together, the slope is steep; when they are widely spaced, the gradient is gentle. By studying the pattern of contours you can identify features such as a hill (concentric circles increasing in height), a valley (V-shaped pointing upstream), or a plateau (widely spaced contours at a high elevation).
等高线是地形图上的棕色线条，连接海平面以上高度相等的各点。两条等高线之间的垂直高差称为等高距。当线条紧密排列时，表示坡度陡峭；当线条间距较大时，坡度平缓。通过研究等高线的形态，你可以识别出山丘（从外到内高度逐渐增加的同心圆）、河谷（朝上游方向开口的 V 字形）或高原（高处密集度较低的等高线）等地形。
4. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather describes the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place. It includes elements such as temperature, precipitation (rain, sleet, snow, hail), wind speed and direction, cloud cover and humidity. Climate, on the other hand, is the average weather pattern observed over a long period – typically 30 years. Meteorologists use instruments like the maximum-minimum thermometer, rain gauge, barometer, anemometer and wind vane to record weather data. A Stevenson screen houses thermometers to ensure reliable temperature readings.
天气描述的是特定时间和地点的大气状况。它包括温度、降水（雨、雨夹雪、雪、冰雹）、风速和风向、云量以及湿度等要素。而气候则是在较长时期（通常为 30 年）内观测到的平均天气模式。气象学家使用最高最低温度计、雨量计、气压计、风速计和风向标等仪器来记录天气数据。温度计放置在百叶箱内，以确保获得可靠的气温读数。
5. Factors Influencing Climate | 影响气候的因素
Several factors control the climate of a location:
影响某地气候的因素有多种：
Latitude: Near the Equator, temperatures are high year-round because the Sun's rays are concentrated. At higher latitudes, solar radiation is spread over a larger area, making it cooler.
纬度：赤道附近全年温度较高，因为太阳光线集中。在高纬度地区，太阳辐射分散在更大的面积上，因此较为寒冷。
Altitude: Higher altitudes have lower air pressure and thinner air, so temperatures drop. The environmental lapse rate is about 6.5 °C for every 1,000 metres of ascent.
海拔：海拔越高，气压越低，空气越稀薄，因此温度随之下降。环境递减率约为每升高 1,000 m 气温下降 6.5 °C。
Distance from the sea: Coastal areas have a moderate climate (maritime influence) because the sea heats up and cools down more slowly than land. Inland areas experience more extreme temperatures (continental climate).
距海远近：沿海地区受海洋调节，气候温和（海洋性影响），因为海水升温和降温都比陆地慢。内陆地区则气温更极端（大陆性气候）。
Prevailing winds: Winds that blow from the sea bring moisture and moderate temperatures; winds from the land tend to be drier and can be very hot or very cold.
盛行风：从海洋吹来的风带来水汽和温和的气温；从陆地吹来的风往往比较干燥，可能极热或极冷。
6. The Water Cycle | 水循环
The hydrological (water) cycle is the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land and oceans. The Sun provides the energy that drives the cycle. Key processes include:
水循环（水文循环）是水在大气、陆地和海洋之间持续不断的运动。太阳为这个循环提供了能量。主要过程包括：
Evaporation: liquid water changes to water vapour, mainly from oceans, lakes and rivers.
蒸发：液态水转变为水蒸气，主要来自海洋、湖泊和河流。
Transpiration: plants release water vapour through pores in their leaves.
蒸腾：植物通过叶片的气孔释放水蒸气。
Condensation: water vapour cools and changes back into tiny droplets, forming clouds.
凝结：水蒸气冷却后变回微小的水滴，形成云。
Precipitation: water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet or hail.
降水：水以雨、雪、雨夹雪或冰雹的形式从云中降落。
Infiltration: water soaks into the soil and percolates down into groundwater stores.
下渗：水渗入土壤并向下渗透到地下水储层。
Surface runoff: water flows over the ground into streams and rivers, returning to the sea.
地表径流：水在地表流动，汇入溪流和河流，最终回到海洋。
7. Rivers: From Source to Mouth | 河流：从源头到河口
Every river changes its shape and behaviour as it flows from the source (often in upland areas) to the mouth (where it meets the sea or a lake). The long profile is divided into three courses:
每条河流从源头（常位于高地）到河口（汇入海洋或湖泊）的过程中，形态和作用都会发生变化。纵剖面可分为三个河段：
Upper course: The gradient is steep and the channel is narrow and shallow. Vertical erosion dominates, creating V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs and features like waterfalls and gorges.
上游：坡度陡峭，河道狭窄而浅。下切侵蚀占主导，形成 V 形谷、交错山嘴以及瀑布和峡谷等地貌。
Middle course: The river begins to meander. The valley becomes wider and flatter. Lateral erosion, transportation and some deposition occur.
中游：河流开始蜿蜒曲折。河谷变得更宽、更平坦。侧蚀、搬运和一定的沉积作用发生。
Lower course: The gradient is gentle. Deposition becomes the main process, building floodplains, levées and deltas. Meanders may become oxbow lakes when the neck is cut through during floods.
下游：坡度平缓。沉积成为主要过程，形成泛滥平原、天然堤和三角洲。洪水期间，曲流的颈部被截断后可能形成牛轭湖。
8. Coastal Landforms | 海岸地貌
Waves shape coastlines through erosion, transportation and deposition. The main erosional processes are hydraulic action (force of water), abrasion (sandpaper effect of rock fragments) and attrition (rocks knocking together). Headlands and bays form where resistant and less resistant rocks alternate. Further erosion can produce caves, arches, stacks and stumps. On beaches, constructive waves deposit materials, creating features such as spits (ridges of sand or shingle attached to the land at one end) and bars (that cut off a lagoon).
海浪通过侵蚀、搬运和堆积作用塑造海岸线。主要侵蚀过程包括水力作用（水的冲击力）、磨蚀（岩石碎块的砂纸效应）和磨耗（岩石相互碰撞）。当海岸线上抗蚀力强和弱的岩石交替分布时，会形成岬角和海湾。进一步侵蚀可产生海蚀洞、海蚀拱、海蚀柱和残柱。在海滩上，建设性波浪堆积物质，形成沙嘴（一端连着陆地的沙或砾石脊）和滨外沙坝（隔断泻湖）。
9. Population Distribution and Density | 人口分布与密度
Population distribution describes how people are spread across a given area – they may be concentrated (densely populated) or scattered (sparsely populated). Population density is a measurement: the number of people living per square kilometre (people/km²). World population is unevenly distributed; areas such as the Ganges Valley are very crowded, whereas the Sahara Desert is almost empty. Physical factors (relief, climate, water supply, soils) and human factors (job opportunities, transport, amenities) explain these patterns.
人口分布描述的是人口在给定区域中的分散状况——可能集中（人口密集）或分散（人口稀疏）。人口密度是一种度量：每平方公里居住的人口数量（人/km²）。世界人口分布不均衡；恒河谷地等地区非常拥挤，而撒哈拉沙漠几乎无人居住。自然因素（地形、气候、水源、土壤）和人文因素（就业机会、交通、设施）可以解释这些分布格局。
10. Settlement Patterns and Site Factors | 聚落形态与选址因素
A settlement's 'site' is the actual piece of land it occupies. Early settlers chose sites that offered advantages: flat land for building, fertile soil for farming, a reliable water supply, a defensible hilltop, or a crossing point on a river. The 'situation' refers to the settlement's location relative to other places, such as being on a trade route. Settlement patterns can be described as nucleated (clustered around a central point), linear (along a road or river) or dispersed (isolated farms and hamlets).
聚落的“选址”（site）是指它实际占据的那块土地。早期定居者会选择具有优势的地点：平坦土地便于建造、肥沃土壤利于耕作、可靠的水源、易于防守的山顶或河流渡口等。“位置”（situation）则指该聚落相对于其他地方的位置，例如位于贸易路线上。聚落形态可分为核心式（围绕中心点聚集）、线状（沿道路或河流分布）或分散式（孤立的农庄和小村）。
11. Earth's Structure and Plate Tectonics | 地球内部结构与板块构造
The Earth is made of layers: the inner core (solid iron and nickel), outer core (liquid), mantle (semi-molten rock) and crust (solid outer shell). The crust is broken into tectonic plates that float on the mantle. Their movements – caused by convection currents – create earthquakes, volcanoes and fold mountains. At plate boundaries, plates can move apart (constructive), collide (destructive) or slide past each other (conservative). Understanding these mechanisms helps explain the distribution of natural hazards across the globe.
地球由分层组成：内核（固态铁镍）、外核（液态）、地幔（半熔融岩石）和地壳（固态外壳）。地壳分裂为若干构造板块，浮在地幔上。地幔对流引起板块运动，从而引发地震、火山活动和褶皱山脉。在板块边界，板块可以分离（建设型）、碰撞（破坏型）或相互滑动（保守型）。理解这些机制有助于解释全球自然灾害的分布。
12. Natural Resources and Sustainability | 自然资源与可持续性
Natural resources are materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used by people. They include renewable resources (e.g., solar energy, wind, timber) and non-renewable resources (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas, minerals). Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In Year 7 Geography, you learn about the importance of conserving resources, reducing waste and exploring alternative energy sources to protect the planet.
自然资源是自然界中存在、能被人类利用的材料或物质。它们包括可再生资源（如太阳能、风力、木材）和不可再生资源（如煤、石油、天然气、矿产）。可持续性意味着满足当代人的需求，而不损害后代人满足其自身需求的能力。在 Year 7 地理中，你将认识到保护资源、减少浪费以及探索替代能源以保护地球的重要性。
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