📚 Year 7 CAIE Science: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | CAIE 七年级科学：关键术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in scientific vocabulary is essential for success in the CAIE Year 7 Science curriculum. This guide organises key terms by topic and provides memorable definitions in both English and Chinese to help you master them quickly.
在 CAIE 七年级科学课程中，打下扎实的科学词汇基础至关重要。本指南按主题整理关键术语，并提供中英文对照的易记定义，帮助你快速掌握它们。
1. Scientific Methods and Investigation | 科学方法与探究
Understanding the language of scientific enquiry helps you plan experiments and interpret results.
理解科学探究的语言有助于你设计实验和解读结果。
Hypothesis: A testable idea or prediction that explains what you expect to happen in an experiment.
假设： 一种可检验的想法或预测，用于解释你预期实验中会发生什么。
Variable: Any factor in an experiment that can be changed, measured, or controlled.
变量： 实验中可以被改变、测量或控制的任何因素。
Fair test: An investigation where only one variable is changed at a time while all others are kept the same.
公平测试： 一次只改变一个变量、其他所有条件保持不变的探究方式。
Conclusion: A summary of what you found out in an experiment, linked back to the hypothesis.
结论： 对实验发现的总结，并与假设相联系。
2. Biology: Cells and Classification | 生物：细胞与分类
All living things are made of cells, and scientists group organisms using classification systems.
所有生物都由细胞组成，科学家用分类系统对生物进行分组。
Cell: The smallest unit of life that can carry out all life processes.
细胞： 能进行所有生命活动的最小生命单位。
Nucleus: The control centre of a cell that contains genetic material (DNA).
细胞核： 细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质 (DNA)。
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance inside the cell where chemical reactions occur.
细胞质： 细胞内进行化学反应的胶状物质。
Cell wall: A rigid outer layer of a plant cell that provides support (not found in animal cells).
细胞壁： 植物细胞外部坚硬的层，起支撑作用（动物细胞中没有）。
Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone; examples include fish, birds, and mammals.
脊椎动物： 有脊柱的动物；如鱼类、鸟类和哺乳动物。
Invertebrate: An animal without a backbone, such as insects, worms, and jellyfish.
无脊椎动物： 没有脊柱的动物，如昆虫、蠕虫和水母。
3. Biology: Life Processes and Ecosystems | 生物：生命过程与生态系统
Living organisms carry out essential processes and interact within ecosystems.
生物体进行必需的生命过程，并在生态系统中相互作用。
Respiration: The process by which cells release energy from food, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide.
呼吸作用： 细胞利用氧气从食物中释放能量，并产生二氧化碳的过程。
Photosynthesis: ake food (glucose) using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
光合作用： 植物利用阳光、二氧化碳和水制造食物（葡萄糖）的过程：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。
Habitat: The natural environment where a plant or animal lives.
栖息地： 植物或动物生活的自然环境。
Food chain: energy moves from one organism to another in a straight line, e.g., grass → rabbit → fox.
食物链： 显示能量在生物之间沿直线传递的图示，例如：草 → 兔 → 狐。
4. Chemistry: States of Matter | 化学：物质状态
All substances exist as solids, liquids, or gases, and can change state with temperature.
所有物质都以固态、液态或气态存在，并随温度发生状态变化。
Solid: A state of matter with a fixed shape and fixed volume; particles are closely packed and vibrate in place.
固体： 具有固定形状和固定体积的物质状态；粒子紧密排列并在原位振动。
Liquid: A state with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; particles can move past each other.
液体： 有固定体积但无固定形状的状态；粒子可以相互滑过。
Gas: A state with no fixed shape or volume; particles move quickly and are spread far apart.
气体： 没有固定形状和体积的状态；粒子快速运动且相距很远。
Melting: The change from solid to liquid; occurs at a substance's melting point.
熔化： 固体变为液体的过程；发生在物质的熔点。
Condensation: The change from gas to liquid, often when a gas cools.
冷凝： 气体变为液体的过程，通常当气体冷却时发生。
5. Chemistry: Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 化学：原子、元素与化合物
All matter is made from tiny particles called atoms, which combine to form elements and compounds.
所有物质都由称为原子的微小粒子组成，这些原子结合形成元素和化合物。
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can exist.
原子： 能独立存在的元素的最小粒子。
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom, e.g., oxygen (O) or iron (Fe).
元素： 只由一种原子组成的纯净物，如氧 (O) 或铁 (Fe)。
Compound: A substance made from two or more different elements chemically bonded together, e.g., water (H₂O).
化合物： 由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质，如水 (H₂O)。
Mixture: A combination of substances that are not chemically joined and can be easily separated.
混合物： 没有发生化学结合、可以轻易分离的不同物质的混合体。
Periodic table: A chart where all known elements are arranged in order of atomic number.
元素周期表： 所有的已知元素按原子序数排列的表格。
6. Physics: Forces and Motion | 物理：力与运动
Forces cause objects to move, change direction, or change shape.
力可以使物体运动、改变方向或改变形状。
Force: A push or pull that acts on an object, measured in newtons (N).
力： 作用在物体上的推或拉，单位是牛顿 (N)。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
摩擦力： 阻碍两个接触面之间相对运动的力。
Gravity: The force of attraction between all masses; on Earth it pulls objects towards the centre.
重力： 所有具有质量的物体之间的吸引力；在地球上，它将物体拉向地心。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg).
质量： 物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克 (kg)。
Weight: The force of gravity acting on a mass, measured in newtons (N).
重量： 作用在质量上的重力，单位是牛顿 (N)。
Balanced forces: Forces that are equal in size but opposite in direction, resulting in no change in motion.
平衡力： 大小相等、方向相反的力，不会导致运动状态改变。
7. Physics: Energy Forms and Transfers | 物理：能量形式与传输
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or converted from one form to another.
能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭；它只会被转移或从一种形式转化为另一种形式。
Kinetic energy: The energy an object has due to its motion.
动能： 物体由于运动而具有的能量。
Potential energy: Stored energy an object has because of its position or condition, such as gravitational potential energy.
势能： 物体因其位置或状态而储存的能量，如重力势能。
Thermal energy: The energy a substance has due to the movement of its particles (heat).
热（能）： 物质因其粒子运动而拥有的能量。
Conduction: The transfer of thermal energy through a solid without the substance itself moving.
传导： 热量通过固体传递、而物质本身不发生移动的方式。
Convection: The transfer of heat in liquids and gases by the movement of the heated particles.
对流： 液体和气体中通过受热粒子的运动来传递热量的方式。
Radiation: The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, such as heat from the Sun reaching Earth.
辐射： 通过电磁波传递能量，如太阳热量到达地球。
8. Physics: Electricity and Magnetism | 物理：电与磁
Electricity flows in circuits, and magnetism is a non-contact force that attracts or repels certain materials.
电流在电路中流动，磁力是一种非接触力，可以吸引或排斥某些材料。
Circuit: A complete loop that allows electric current to flow from a power source.
电路： 允许电流从电源流出的完整回路。
Current: The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
电流： 电荷的流动，单位是安培 (A)。
Voltage: The 'push' or energy per charge that makes current flow, measured in volts (V).
电压： 使电流流动的'推力'或每单位电荷的能量，单位是伏特 (V)。
Series circuit: A circuit with a single loop; if one component fails, the whole circuit is broken.
串联电路： 只有一个回路的电路；如果一个元件损坏，整个电路就断开。
Parallel circuit: A circuit with two or more branches; current can still flow if one branch is broken.
并联电路： 有两个或以上支路的电路；如果一条支路断开，电流仍可从其他支路流过。
Electromagnet: A temporary magnet made by wrapping a coil of wire around an iron core and passing a current through it.
电磁铁： 在铁芯上缠绕线圈并通电后制成的临时磁铁。
9. Earth Science and Space | 地球科学与太空
Our planet is dynamic, and we are part of a vast solar system.
我们的星球是动态的，而我们身处广阔太阳系的一部分。
Igneous rock: Rock formed from cooled magma or lava, e.g., granite and basalt.
火成岩： 岩浆或熔岩冷却形成的岩石，如花岗岩和玄武岩。
Sedimentary rock: Rock made from compressed layers of sediment, often containing fossils, e.g., limestone.
沉积岩： 由沉积物层层压紧而成的岩石，常含有化石，如石灰岩。
Metamorphic rock: Rock changed by extreme heat and pressure, e.g., marble from limestone.
变质岩： 在极端高温和压力下发生变化的岩石，如由石灰岩变成的大理石。
Orbit: The curved path of an object around a star, planet, or moon, caused by gravity.
轨道： 天体由于重力作用绕着恒星、行星或月球运行的弯曲路径。
Solar system: The Sun and all the objects that orbit it, including planets, moons, and asteroids.
太阳系： 太阳及所有绕其运行的天体，包括行星、卫星和小行星。
Satellite: A natural or artificial object that orbits a planet; the Moon is Earth's natural satellite.
卫星： 绕行星运行的自然或人造天体；月球是地球的天然卫星。
10. Memorisation Strategies for Science Terms | 科学术语速记策略
Use active recall and creative connections to make tricky vocabulary stick in your long-term memory.
运用主动回忆和创意联想，让难记的词汇牢牢印在长期记忆中。
Create flashcards: Write the term on one side and the definition on the other. Test yourself regularly, shuffling the cards to avoid memorising the order.
制作抽认卡： 一面写术语，另一面写定义。定期自测，并打乱卡片顺序，避免记住顺序。
Use mnemonics: Turn a list of words into a funny sentence or acronym. For example, 'MRS GREN' helps recall the seven life processes (Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition).
使用记忆术： 把一组词编成有趣的句子或首字母缩写。例如 'MRS GREN' 可帮助记忆七大生命过程（运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养）。
Draw concept maps: Link related terms with labelled arrows and short explanations. Visual maps help your brain see connections and patterns.
绘制概念图： 用带标签的箭头和简短解释将相关术语连接起来。视觉导图有助于大脑看出联系和模式。
Teach someone else: Explaining a term out loud to a friend or family member forces you to clarify your own understanding.
教给别人： 向朋友或家人大声解释一个术语，能迫使你理清自己的理解。
Use the word in a sentence: Write your own sentence using the term in a scientific context. This makes the meaning personal and harder to forget.
用词造句： 在科学语境下用自己的话造句。这使含义个人化，更不容易遗忘。
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