📚 Year 7 CAIE Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 CAIE 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 CAIE Biology vocabulary guide. Whether you are just starting to explore the living world or preparing for an end-of-topic test, a strong command of terminology will help you describe experiments, explain life processes, and ace your exam questions. This article brings together the most important terms, simple definitions, memory tricks, and quick quizzes to make learning both effective and enjoyable.
欢迎来到 Year 7 CAIE 生物词汇指南。不论你是刚开始探索生命世界，还是在为期中测验做准备，扎实的术语功底都能帮助你描述实验、解释生命过程并在考试中脱颖而出。本文汇集了最重要的术语、简明定义、记忆技巧和快问快答，让学习既高效又有趣。
1. Life Processes: The MRS GREN Acronym | 生命过程：MRS GREN 助记
All living organisms share seven life processes. The acronym MRS GREN (sometimes MRS NERG) is the key to recalling them instantly.
所有生物都共有七种生命过程。缩略词 MRS GREN（有时也写作 MRS NERG）是快速回忆它们的关键。
Movement – an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.
运动 – 生物体或其部分引起的改变位置或地点的行动。
Respiration – the chemical reaction in cells that releases energy from food, usually using oxygen.
呼吸作用 – 细胞中从食物释放能量的化学反应，通常需要氧气。
Sensitivity – the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.
感应性 – 察觉并响应内、外环境变化的能力。
Growth – a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size.
生长 – 通过细胞数量或体积的增加而实现的体积和干重的永久性增加。
Reproduction – the production of offspring, either sexually or asexually, to continue the species.
生殖 – 产生后代的过程，分为有性生殖和无性生殖，以延续物种。
Excretion – the removal of toxic waste products of metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and urea.
排泄 – 将代谢产生的有毒废物，如二氧化碳和尿素，排出体外。
Nutrition – the intake of materials for energy, growth and repair; plants make their own food, animals consume it.
营养 – 摄取物质以获得能量、生长和修复；植物自己制造食物，动物则摄取食物。
2. Cell Structure Terms | 细胞结构术语
The cell is the basic unit of life. Year 7 students need to name and label the main parts of animal and plant cells and explain what they do.
细胞是生命的基本单位。Year 7 学生需要说出并标注动植物细胞的主要结构，并解释它们的功能。
Cell membrane – a thin, flexible layer surrounding the cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜 – 包裹细胞的一层薄而柔韧的膜；它控制物质的进出。
Cytoplasm – a jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place; it contains organelles.
细胞质 – 一种果冻状的物质，大多数化学反应在此进行；它含有细胞器。
Nucleus – a large, round structure that contains genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities.
细胞核 – 一个大的圆形结构，含有遗传物质（DNA），控制细胞的活动。
Cell wall – a rigid outer layer found only in plant cells (and some microorganisms); it provides support and shape.
细胞壁 – 仅存在于植物细胞（及部分微生物）中的坚硬外层，提供支撑和形状。
Chloroplast – a green organelle found in plant cells; it contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.
叶绿体 – 植物细胞中的绿色细胞器；含有叶绿素，是光合作用的场所。
Vacuole – a large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells that stores water, nutrients and waste; it helps maintain turgor pressure.
液泡 – 植物细胞中充满液体的大囊泡，储存水、养分和废物；有助于维持膨压。
Mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) – the organelle where aerobic respiration occurs, releasing energy.
线粒体 – 进行有氧呼吸、释放能量的细胞器。
3. Levels of Organisation | 组织层次
From the smallest building blocks to a whole organism, biologists organise life into levels. Knowing these terms helps you describe the structure of living things.
从最小的构筑模块到整个生物体，生物学家将生命组织成不同的层次。了解这些术语有助于你描述生物的结构。
Cell – the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
细胞 – 所有生物体结构和功能的基本单位。
Tissue – a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function, e.g. muscle tissue.
组织 – 一群相似的细胞共同执行特定功能，如肌肉组织。
Organ – a structure made of different tissues that work together to carry out a major function, e.g. the heart, leaf.
器官 – 由不同组织构成的、共同完成主要功能的结构，例如心脏、叶。
Organ system – a group of organs that coordinate to perform a life process, e.g. the digestive system.
器官系统 – 一组协同完成某一生命过程的器官，例如消化系统。
Organism – a complete living individual, such as a human, a daisy or a bacterium.
生物体 – 一个完整的生命个体，如一个人、一朵雏菊或一个细菌。
4. Classification and Kingdoms | 分类与界
Scientists group organisms to make them easier to study. The five-kingdom system is the starting point, and within each kingdom there are further subdivisions.
科学家将生物分组以便研究。五界系统是起点，每个界内还有进一步的细分。
Kingdom – the highest taxonomic rank; the five kingdoms commonly taught are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes and Protoctists.
界 – 最高的分类等级；通常教授的五个界是：动物界、植物界、真菌界、原核生物界和原生生物界。
Vertebrate – an animal with a backbone; classified into five groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
脊椎动物 – 具有脊柱的动物；分为五类：哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类。
Invertebrate – an animal without a backbone, such as insects, spiders, snails and worms.
无脊椎动物 – 没有脊柱的动物，例如昆虫、蜘蛛、蜗牛和蠕虫。
Species – a group of similar organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring.
物种 – 一群相似的生物，彼此能够交配并产生可育后代。
Binomial name – the two-word scientific name of a species, e.g. Homo sapiens; the first word is the genus, the second the species.
双名法 – 物种的两词学名，如 Homo sapiens；第一个词是属名，第二个词是种名。
5. Photosynthesis and Respiration Vocabulary | 光合作用与呼吸词汇
Two of the most important chemical processes in Biology are photosynthesis and respiration. The word equations help you link the terms to the reactions.
生物学中最重要的两个化学过程是光合作用和呼吸作用。文字方程式帮助你将这些术语与反应联系起来。
Photosynthesis – the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
光合作用 – 绿色植物利用阳光、二氧化碳和水生成葡萄糖和氧气的过程。
Chlorophyll – the green pigment inside chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿素 – 叶绿体内的绿色色素，吸收光能以进行光合作用。
Stomata – tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out) and water vapour to escape.
气孔 – 叶片下表面的微小孔隙，允许气体交换（CO₂ 进入，O₂ 排出）和水蒸气散失。
Aerobic respiration – the breakdown of glucose using oxygen to release energy, carbon dioxide and water.
有氧呼吸 – 利用氧气分解葡萄糖，释放能量、二氧化碳和水。
Anaerobic respiration – the release of energy from glucose without oxygen; in animals it produces lactic acid, in yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
无氧呼吸 – 无氧条件下从葡萄糖释放能量；在动物中产生乳酸，在酵母中产生乙醇和二氧化碳。
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
(Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll)
（二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要光和叶绿素）
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ (lactic acid in muscles)
C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ (ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast)
6. Food Chains and Ecological Words | 食物链与生态术语
Ecology starts with understanding how energy moves through an ecosystem. The terms below describe feeding relationships and the roles organisms play.
生态学始于理解能量如何在生态系统中流动。下面的术语描述了摄食关系和生物扮演的角色。
Producer – an organism that makes its own food using light or chemical energy; all green plants are producers.
生产者 – 利用光能或化学能自己制造食物的生物；所有绿色植物都是生产者。
Consumer – an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms; primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者 – 通过捕食其他生物获取能量的生物；初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Herbivore – an animal that eats only plants (primary consumer).
食草动物 – 只吃植物的动物（初级消费者）。
Carnivore – an animal that eats other animals (secondary or tertiary consumer).
食肉动物 – 吃其他动物的动物（次级或三级消费者）。
Omnivore – an animal that eats both plants and animals.
杂食动物 – 既吃植物也吃动物的动物。
Decomposer – an organism, such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil.
分解者 – 分解死去的有机物质、将养分归还土壤的生物，如细菌或真菌。
Habitat – the natural environment where an organism lives, e.g. a pond, desert or forest floor.
栖息地 – 生物生活的自然环境，如池塘、沙漠或森林地面。
Population – all the members of one species living in the same area at the same time.
种群 – 同一时间生活在同一区域内的所有同种生物个体。
Community – all the populations of different species living and interacting in an area.
群落 – 一个区域内所有不同物种种群的集合，彼此相互作用。
Ecosystem – a biological community plus the non-living parts of its environment, such as water, soil and climate.
生态系统 – 生物群落加上其环境中的非生物部分，如水、土壤和气候。
7. Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport | 扩散、渗透与主动运输
Year 7 students meet three ways substances move across cell membranes. These keywords appear in many topics, from gas exchange to plant water uptake.
Year 7 学生接触到物质跨越细胞膜的三种移动方式。这些关键词出现在从气体交换到植物吸水等许多主题中。
Diffusion – the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, down a concentration gradient; it is a passive process (no energy required).
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，顺浓度梯度进行；这是一个被动过程（不需能量）。
Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
渗透 – 水分子通过半透膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液扩散的过程。
Active transport – the movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration; it requires carrier proteins.
主动运输 – 利用呼吸作用提供的能量逆浓度梯度移动粒子；需要载体蛋白参与。
Partially permeable membrane – a barrier that allows some molecules to pass through but not others.
半透膜 – 允许某些分子通过而阻挡其他分子的屏障。
Concentration gradient – the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.
浓度梯度 – 某物质在两个区域之间的浓度差。
8. Reproduction and Inheritance Keywords | 生殖与遗传关键词
Reproduction ensures the continuity of a species. Even at Year 7 level, you begin to use genetic terms to explain why offspring resemble their parents.
生殖保证了物种的延续。即使在 Year 7，你也会开始使用遗传学术语来解释后代为何与父母相似。
Sexual reproduction – the fusion of male and female gametes to produce genetically varied offspring.
有性生殖 – 雄性和雌性配子融合，产生遗传上多样的后代。
Asexual reproduction – reproduction involving only one parent, producing genetically identical offspring (clones).
无性生殖 – 只涉及一个亲本的生殖方式，产生遗传上完全相同的后代（克隆）。
Gamete – a sex cell (sperm in males, egg cell in females) containing half the normal number of chromosomes.
配子 – 一种性细胞（雄性为精子，雌性为卵细胞），含有正常染色体数的一半。
Fertilisation – the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete to form a zygote.
受精 – 雄配子与雌配子融合形成受精卵的过程。
Zygote – the single cell formed after fertilisation; it divides and develops into an embryo.
受精卵 – 受精后形成的单个细胞；它分裂并发育成胚胎。
DNA – the molecule that carries genetic instructions for growth, development and functioning.
DNA – 携带生长、发育和功能所需遗传指令的分子。
Chromosome – a thread-like structure of DNA found in the nucleus; humans have 46 chromosomes in most cells.
染色体 – 细胞核内的线状DNA结构；人体大多数细胞含有46条染色体。
Variation – the differences between individuals of the same species; caused by genes, environment or both.
变异 – 同一物种个体之间的差异；由基因、环境或两者共同引起。
9. Word Roots and Memory Tricks | 词根与记忆技巧
Many Biology terms are built from Greek and Latin roots. Once you learn the building blocks, you can work out unfamiliar words and remember them more easily.
许多生物学术语均由希腊语和拉丁语词根构成。一旦你学会这些构件，就能推断生词的意思并更轻松地记住它们。
bio- means life → biology = the study of life; biosphere = the part of Earth where life exists.
bio- 意为“生命” → biology（生物学）即研究生命的学科；biosphere（生物圈）指地球上有生命存在的部分。
cyto- means cell → cytoplasm = cell fluid; cytology = study of cells.
cyto- 意为“细胞” → cytoplasm（细胞质）即细胞液；cytology（细胞学）即研究细胞的学科。
photo- means light → photosynthesis = building using light; phototropism = growth response to light.
photo- 意为“光” → photosynthesis（光合作用）即用光合成；phototropism（向光性）即对光的生长反应。
chloro- means green → chlorophyll = green leaf pigment; chloroplast = green cell structure.
chloro- 意为“绿” → chlorophyll（叶绿素）即绿色叶色素；chloroplast（叶绿体）即绿色细胞结构。
syn- means together → photosynthesis = putting together with light; synthesis = making a compound from simpler substances.
syn- 意为“一起” → photosynthesis 即用光把物质组合在一起；synthesis（合成）指用简单物质制成化合物。
hetero- means different, auto- means self, -troph means feeder → autotroph = self-feeder (producer), heterotroph = feeder on others (consumer).
hetero- 意为“不同的”，auto- 意为“自己”，-troph 意为“摄食者” → autotroph（自养生物）即自己制造食物的生物（生产者），heterotroph（异养生物）即靠摄食其他生物为生的生物（消费者）。
Memory tricks that work: turn lists into acronyms (MRS GREN), draw colourful mind maps, create flashcards with a diagram on one side and the definition on the other, and teach a friend – explaining aloud fixes the word in your brain.
有效的记忆技巧：将列表变成缩略词（MRS GREN），绘制色彩丰富的思维导图，制作一面画图、另一面写定义的闪卡，还可以当小老师教同学——大声解释能把词语牢牢地印在脑中。
10. Commonly Confused Pairs and Quick Quizzes | 易混淆词对与快问快答
Some term pairs look or sound similar but have very different meanings. Spotting the differences now will save you marks later.
有些词语对看起来或听起来相似，但含义截然不同。现在区分清楚，将来考试才不会丢分。
| English Pair | 中文词对 | Key Difference | 关键区别 |
|---|---|---|---|
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