📚 Year 7 CAIE Physics: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CAIE 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering physics begins with a solid grasp of key terms. In Year 7, you will encounter many new words that describe how the world works – from forces and energy to electricity and waves. This guide provides simple strategies to help you remember these essential physics vocabulary words forever. Each section focuses on a core topic, pairing memory tricks with clear definitions. Let's turn tricky terms into tools you'll never forget.
掌握物理从牢固掌握关键术语开始。在 Year 7，你会遇到许多描述世界如何运转的新单词——从力和能量到电和波。本指南提供简单的策略，帮助你永久记住这些基本的物理词汇。每一节聚焦一个核心主题，搭配记忆技巧和清晰的定义。让我们把难记的术语变成你永远不会忘记的工具。
1. SI Units & Measurement | 国际单位制与测量基础
Measurement is the language of physics. In Year 7, you must know the base SI units and the prefixes that change their size. The word 'metre' comes from the Greek 'metron', meaning measure. Link the unit to a real object: a metre is about the height of a door handle; a kilogram is the mass of a litre of water. The prefix 'kilo-' means a thousand, so a kilometre is a thousand metres – imagine running a 'kilo' of metres. 'Centi-' is a centipede's small step: one hundredth. Use the mnemonic 'King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk' for prefixes: Kilo, Hecto, Deca, Unit, Deci, Centi, Milli. Practise by measuring your desk and expressing it in metres, centimetres, and millimetres.
测量是物理学的语言。在 Year 7，你必须知道基本的国际单位制以及改变其大小的前缀。单词 'metre' 来自希腊语 'metron'，意为测量。将单位与真实物体联系起来：一米大约是门把手的高度；一千克是一升水的质量。前缀 'kilo-' 表示一千，所以一公里就是一千米——想象跑了一千个米。'Centi-' 像一只小蜈蚣的脚步：百分之一。使用助记句 'King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk' 来记前缀：千、百、十、单位、分、厘、毫。通过测量你的课桌并用米、厘米和毫米表示来练习。
- Metre (m) – SI unit of length. / 长度单位。
- Kilogram (kg) – unit of mass. / 质量单位。
- Second (s) – unit of time. / 时间单位。
- Ampere (A) – unit of electric current. / 电流单位。
- Prefixes: kilo- (×1000), centi- (×1/100), milli- (×1/1000). / 前缀：千、厘、毫。
2. Mass, Weight & Gravity | 质量、重量与重力
Students often mix up mass and weight. Mass is the amount of matter in an object and never changes; it is measured in kilograms. Weight is the pull of gravity on that mass and is measured in newtons. On the Moon, your mass stays the same but your weight decreases because gravity is weaker. Picture mass as the number of particles packed inside you, and weight as the force your feet press on a scale. To remember 'newton', think of Sir Isaac Newton and the apple falling – weight is a force, just like the apple's pull. The formula linking them is Weight = mass × gravitational field strength rth, g is about 9.8 N/kg, but often approximated as 10 N/kg. A fun trick: mass rhymes with 'glass' – you can fill a glass with matter; weight rhymes with 'wait' – you wait for the scale to show the force.
学生经常混淆质量和重量。质量是一个物体所含物质的多少，永不变；它用千克衡量。重量是重力对那个质量的拉力，用牛顿衡量。在月球上，你的质量不变但重量减少，因为重力更弱。把质量想象成你体内堆积的微粒数量，把重量想象成你的脚压在秤上的力。要记住 'newton'，想想艾萨克·牛顿爵士和掉落的苹果——重量是一种力，就像苹果的拉力。联系它们的公式是 重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度（W = mg）。在地球上，g 约为 9.8 N/kg，但通常近似为 10 N/kg。一个有趣的技巧：mass 与 'glass' 押韵——你可以用杯子装物质；weight 与 'wait' 押韵——你等待秤显示力。
| Term | Definition | Memory Aid |
| Mass | Amount of matter (kg) | Massive like a mountain, never changes |
| Weight | Force of gravity (N) | Wait! It depends on where you are. |
| Gravity | Attraction between masses | Gravity grabs, like a giant hand |
3. Forces – Push and Pull | 力——推与拉
A force is simply a push or a pull. It can change an object's speed, direction, or shape. Forces are measured in newtons (N). Contact forces require touching, like friction and tension; non-contact forces act at a distance, like gravity and magnetism. Think of 'friction' as 'friendly grip' – it stops you slipping. Air resistance is a type of friction with the air. Upthrust is the upward force in a fluid. Memorise these with a rhyme: 'Gravity pulls you down, upthrust floats you around, friction keeps you on the ground.' Balanced forces keep objects still or at constant speed; unbalanced forces cause acceleration. Imagine a tug-of-war: equal teams mean balanced force (no movement), unequal teams mean unbalanced (movement).
力简单来说就是推或拉。它可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。力以牛顿（N）为单位。接触力需要接触，比如摩擦力和张力；非接触力在一定距离上作用，比如重力和磁力。把 'friction' 想象成 'friendly grip'（友好的抓力）——它防止你滑倒。空气阻力是与空气的一种摩擦力。上推是流体中的向上力。用一首押韵诗来记忆：'重力拉你向下，上推让你漂荡，摩擦让你留在地上。' 平衡力保持物体静止或匀速；非平衡力导致加速。想象拔河：相等的队伍意味着平衡力（无运动），不等的队伍意味着非平衡（运动）。
Fnet = m × a (resultant force causes acceleration)
- Friction – force opposing motion between two surfaces. / 阻碍两个表面之间运动的力。
- Upthrust – upward force exerted by a fluid. / 流体施加的向上力。
- Tension – pulling force transmitted through a string or cable. / 通过绳子或缆线传递的拉力。
- Resultant force – the single force that represents the combined effect of all forces. / 代表所有力总效果的单个力。
4. Speed, Velocity & Acceleration | 速率、速度与加速度
In physics, speed and velocity are not the same. Speed is how fast something moves (scalar, just magnitude), while velocity is speed in a given direction (vector). Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. A car going around a roundabout at constant speed is still accelerating because its direction changes. Use 'speed' like a sprint – just the number; 'velocity' has a 'v' for vector; 'acceleration' means increasing speed, but technically any change in velocity. The mnemonic 'SVA' – Speed, Velocity, Acceleration – reminds you they belong together. Think of a speedometer showing speed, and a GPS showing velocity (it has arrow for direction). Remember the formula: Average speed = total distance ÷ total time. Acceleration is change in velocity per second: a = (v - u)/t.
在物理学中，速率和速度不是一回事。速率是物体移动的快慢（标量，只有大小），而速度是给定方向上的速率（矢量）。加速度是速度变化的快慢。一辆以恒定速率绕环岛行驶的车仍然在加速，因为它的方向在改变。用 'speed' 像短跑——只是数字；'velocity' 有个 'v' 代表矢量；'acceleration' 意味着增加速率，但技术上指任何速度变化。助记 'SVA'——速率、速度、加速度——提醒你它们是一起的。想象速度表显示速率，GPS 显示速度（它有方向箭头）。记住公式：平均速率 = 总距离 ÷ 总时间。加速度是每秒速度的变化：a = (v - u)/t。
| Quantity | Scalar/Vector | Example |
| Speed | Scalar | 50 km/h |
| Velocity | Vector | 50 km/h north |
| Acceleration | Vector | 2 m/s² east |
5. Energy Stores & Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy is the ability to do work. It exists in different stores: kinetic (moving), gravitational potential (height), elastic potential (stretched), thermal (heat), chemical (fuel/food), and nuclear. Energy can be transferred from one store to another via forces, heating, or waves. A pendulum demonstrates transfers: at the highest point, it has maximum gravitational potential; at the lowest, maximum kinetic. The term 'chemical energy' is stored in batteries and food – think of it as 'locked' energy released during reactions. Sound and light are also ways energy is transferred. Remember the phrase 'Kinetic Kate goes potty' to link kinetic and potential. Another tip: draw energy flow diagrams with arrows and boxes. The law of energy conservation states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. This is a powerful idea – nothing is ever lost, only moved around.
能量是做功的能力。它以不同的储存形式存在：动能（运动）、重力势能（高度）、弹性势能（拉伸）、热能（热）、化学能（燃料/食物）和核能。能量可以通过力、加热或波从一个储存库转移到另一个。钟摆展示了转移：在最高点，它具有最大的重力势能；在最低点，最大的动能。'化学能' 一词储存在电池和食物中——把它想象成 '锁住' 的能量，在反应中释放。声音和光也是能量转移的方式。记住短语 'Kinetic Kate goes potty' 来联系动能和势能。另一个技巧：画带有箭头和框的能量流动图。能量守恒定律指出，能量不能被创造或毁灭，只能转移。这是一个强大的概念——没有什么东西会彻底消失，只是四处转移。
- Kinetic energy – energy of motion. / 运动的能量。
- Gravitational potential energy – energy due to position in a gravitational field. / 由于在重力场中的位置而拥有的能量。
- Thermal energy – internal energy due to temperature. / 因温度而拥有的内部能量。
- Energy transfer – movement of energy from one store to another. / 能量从一个储存库到另一个的移动。
6. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
An electric circuit needs a complete loop for current to flow. Current is the flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (potential difference) is the push that drives the current, measured in volts (V). Resistance is anything that slows the current down, measured in ohms (Ω). Picture a water model: voltage is the pump pressure, current is the flow rate, and resistance is a narrow pipe. 'Ohm' sounds like 'home' – think of a home door resisting burglars. The symbol for a battery shows long and short lines: the long line is the positive terminal. Remember: Voltage = Current × Resistance (V = I × R). Use 'VIR' like a virus – it spreads everywhere in a circuit. Series circuits have one loop; parallel have multiple branches. In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere; in parallel, voltage is the same across each branch.
电路需要一个完整的回路才能让电流流动。电流是电荷的流动，以安培（A）为单位。电压（电势差）是驱动电流的推力，以伏特（V）为单位。电阻是任何减慢电流的东西，以欧姆（Ω）为单位。想象一个水流模型：电压是泵的压力，电流是流速，电阻是狭窄的管道。'Ohm' 听起来像 'home'——想象一个家门抵抗窃贼。电池的符号显示长线和短线：长线是正极。记住：电压 = 电流 × 电阻（V = I × R）。使用 'VIR' 像病毒一样——它在电路中到处传播。串联电路只有一个环路；并联电路有多个分支。在串联电路中，电流处处相同；在并联中，每个分支的电压相同。
| Quantity | Symbol | Unit |
| Current | I | Ampere (A) |
| Voltage | V | Volt (V) |
| Resistance | R | Ohm (Ω) |
7. Waves – Light & Sound | 波——光与声
Waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Light waves are transverse and do not need a medium; sound waves are longitudinal and require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas). Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to wave direction, like a rope flicked up and down. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel, like a slinky pushed and pulled. Visualise 'transverse' as a 'train' running along tracks – up and down motion. For 'longitudinal', think of 'long' compressions along the wave. Key terms: amplitude (height of wave, related to loudness for sound or brightness for light), frequency (number of waves per second, measured in hertz, Hz), wavelength (distance between two crests). The phrase 'Frequency is the number of times' helps. High frequency means high pitch for sound and violet colour for light. Remember: light travels much faster than sound – that’s why you see lightning before you hear thunder.
波转移能量而不转移物质。光波是横波，不需要介质；声波是纵波，需要介质（固体、液体或气体）。横波的振动方向垂直于波的方向，就像上下抖动的绳子。纵波的振动平行，就像推拉弹簧。将 'transverse' 想象成一列沿轨道运行的火车——上下运动。对于 'longitudinal'，想象沿波传播方向的长长压缩。关键术语：振幅（波的高度，与声音的响度或光的亮度相关）、频率（每秒波的数量，以赫兹 Hz 为单位）、波长（两个波峰之间的距离）。'Frequency is the number of times' 这句话有帮助。高频意味着高音调，对光来说就是紫色。记住：光比声音传播得快得多——这就是为什么你先看到闪电，后听到雷声。
- Transverse wave – vibrations perpendicular to direction (e.g., light). / 振动垂直于波的方向（如光）。
- Longitudinal wave – vibrations parallel to direction (e.g., sound). / 振动平行于波的方向（如声）。
- Amplitude – maximum displacement from rest position. / 离平衡位置的最大位移。
- Frequency – number of complete waves per second (Hz). / 每秒完整波的数量（赫兹）。
8. Density & States of Matter | 密度与物质状态
Density tells you how much mass is packed into a given volume. The formula is Density = mass ÷ volume am of lead have the same mass, but lead is denser because it takes up less space. Remember 'dense' like 'a crowded dance floor' – ) is less dense than liquid water, so it floats. Key words: fluid (a liquid or gas that flows), compressible (ability to be squeezed into smaller volume). Gases are highly compressible; liquids and solids are not. To memorise the density triangle, draw a triangle with 'm' at the top, 'ρ' and 'V' at the bottom corners. Cover the one you want to find: m = ρ × V, ρ = m/V, V = m/ρ.
密度告诉你一定体积内包含多少质量。公式是 密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积（ρ = m/V）。一公斤羽毛和一公斤铅有相同的质量，但铅的密度更大，因为它占据的空间更小。把 'dense' 记成 '拥挤的舞池'——微粒紧密地聚集在一起。固体通常比液体和气体密度大，因为微粒紧密堆积。水不寻常：冰（固体）的密度比液态水小，所以它能浮起来。关键词：流体（能流动的液体或气体），可压缩（能被挤压进更小体积的能力）。气体高度可压缩；液体和固体则不然。要记密度三角形，画一个三角形，顶部是 'm'，底部两角是 'ρ' 和 'V'。盖住你想求的量：m = ρ × V, ρ = m/V, V = m/ρ。
| State | Particle Arrangement | Density (typical) |
| Solid | Tight, regular pattern | High |
| Liquid | Close, random | Medium |
| Gas | Far apart, fast moving | Low |
9. Pressure in Fluids | 流体中的压强
Pressure is the force applied per unit area. The formula is Pressure = force ÷ area which is one newton per square metre. A sharp knife cuts better because the small area produces high pressure for the same force. Snowshoes spread weight over a larger area to reduce pressure and stop you sinking. In fluids, pressure increases with depth because of the weight of the liquid above. To remember 'pascal', think of 'pass the call' – pressure passes through fluids equally in all directions (Pascal' incompressible liquids to multiply force. Visualise: if you squeeze a toothpaste tube, pressure is transmitted throughout, pushing paste out equally from the opening. The deeper you dive in water, the greater the pressure on your ears – a real-life reminder of depth dependence.
压强是单位面积上施加的力。公式是 压强 = 力 ÷ 面积（P = F/A）。单位是帕斯卡（Pa），即每平方米一牛顿。锋利的刀切割更好，因为同样的力下小面积产生高压强。雪鞋将重量分布在更大的面积上以减少压强，防止你下沉。在流体中，压强随深度增加，因为上方液体的重量。要记住 'pascal'，想想 'pass the call'（传递呼唤）——压强向各个方向均匀传递（帕斯卡原理）。液压系统利用不可压缩的液体来倍增力。可视化：如果你挤牙膏管，压强传递到各处，将牙膏从开口均匀推出。你在水中潜得越深，耳朵上的压强越大——这是深度依赖性的真实提醒。
P = F ÷ A
- Pressure – force per unit area (Pa). / 单位面积上的力。
- Pascal (Pa) – unit equal to 1 N/m². / 等于 1 N/m² 的单位。
- Hydraulic – using liquid to transfer pressure. / 利用液体传递压强。
10. Astronomy Vocabulary | 天文词汇
Year 7 physics often includes space topics. The Earth orbits the Sun due to gravity; the Moon orbits Earth. A planet is a body that orbits a star, has cleared its orbit, and is round. A moon is a natural satellite. The Solar System includes planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets. Memorise the order of planets with 'My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles' (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). Key terms: axis (imaginary line a planet spins around), rotation (one spin on axis, gives day and night), revolution (one orbit around the Sun, gives a year). Gravity is the force that keeps everything in orbit – imagine a stone on a string: if you let go, the stone flies off. The Sun's gravity is the string for planets. 'Orbit' is both a noun (path) and verb (to go around). Phases of the Moon are due to reflected sunlight as the Moon orbits Earth.
Year 7 物理经常包括太空主题。地球由于重力围绕太阳公转；月球围绕地球公转。行星是一个围绕恒星运转、已清空其轨道、且呈圆形的天体。月球是一颗天然卫星。太阳系包括行星、矮行星、小行星和彗星。用 'My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodles' 记忆行星顺序（水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星）。关键术语：轴（行星绕其旋转的假想线），自转（绕轴旋转一次，产生昼夜），公转（绕太阳运行一圈，产生一年）。重力是使一切保持在轨道上的力——想象一个系着绳子的石头：如果你松手，石头就飞出去了。太阳的引力就是行星的绳子。'Orbit' 既是名词（路径）又是动词（绕行）。月相是由于月球绕地球公转时反射太阳光而产生的。
- Solar System – the Sun and all objects orbiting it. / 太阳及其所有绕行物体。
- Satellite – any object that orbits a planet (natural or artificial). / 任何围绕行星运行的物体（天然或人造）。
- Orbit – the curved path of one object around another. / 一个物体绕另一个物体的弯曲路径。
- Gravity – force that attracts objects with mass towards each other. / 将有质量的物体相互吸引的力。
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