📚 Year 7 Cambridge Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 剑桥7年级音乐：公式定理速查手册
This handbook collects the essential music theory formulas, rules and reference tables that Year 7 Cambridge Music students need. Use it to it to quickly revise note values, time signatures, scales, key signatures, intervals, chords, cadences, tempo and performance directions quickly - everything is written as an easy-to-remember "formula" that you can recall under exam pressure.
本手册为剑桥7年级音乐学生整理了一份必备音乐理论公式、规则与速查表合集。内容涵盖音符时值、拍号、音阶、调号、音程、和弦、终止式、速度与演奏术语，全部以易记的"公式"形式呈现，方便你在考试压力下快速调取记忆。
1. Note Values and Rest Durations | 音符与休止符时值公式
A semibreve (whole note) lasts 4 beats in 4/4 time.
全音符在4/4拍中持续4拍。
A minim (half note) lasts 2 beats.
二分音符持续2拍。
A crotchet (quarter note) lasts 1 beat.
四分音符持续1拍。
A quaver (eighth note) lasts ½ beat, and a semiquaver (sixteenth note) lasts ¼ beat.
八分音符持续½拍，十六分音符持续¼拍。
e, so the whole chain is: semibreve = 2 minims = 4 crotchets = 8 quavers = 16 semiquavers.
每个时值都可一分为二，因此完整链条是：全音符 = 2个二分音符 = 4个四分音符 = 8个八分音符 = 16个十六分音符。
A dot increases the note's duration by half. Formula: dotted value = original value × 1.5.
附点音符：附点增加原音符时值的一半。公式：附点音符时值 = 原时值 × 1.5。
ond dot adds half of what the first dot added, so a double-dotted value = original × 1.75.
第二个附点再增加第一个附点所加时值的一半，因此双附点音符时值 = 原时值 × 1.75。
A tie joins two notes of the same pitch and adds their durations together; a slur joins different pitches and shows phrasing, not extra length.
延音线连接两个相同音高的音符并把时值相加；圆滑线连接不同音高，表示乐句划分，而非增加时值。
A triplet fits three notes into the time of two, so each written note lasts ⅔ of its normal value.
三连音是在两个音符的时值内放入三个音符，因此每个音符实际只持续原时值的⅔。
Rests have equivalent durations: semibreve rest, minim rest, crotchet rest, quaver rest and semiquaver rest.
休止符的时值与音符一一对应：全休止符、二分休止符、四分休止符、八分休止符、十六分休止符。
| Note (UK / US) | Beats in 4/4 | Dotted value |
| Semibreve / whole note | 4 | 6 |
| Minim / half note | 2 | 3 |
| Crotchet / quarter note | 1 | 1½ |
| Quaver / eighth note | ½ | ¾ |
| Semiquaver / sixteenth note | ¼ | ⅜ |
2. Time Signatures | 拍号公式
The top number tells how many beats are in a bar; the bottom number tells which note value gets one beat.
拍号上方数字表示每小节有几拍；下方数字表示以几分音符为一拍。
4/4 (common time, often written as C): 4 crotchet beats per bar.
4/4拍（常用拍号，常写作C）：每小节4个四分音符拍。
3/4: 3 crotchet beats per bar, which gives a waltz feel with a strong-weak-weak pulse.
3/4拍：每小节3个四分音符拍，强弱弱脉动，具有圆舞曲风格。
2/4: 2 crotchet beats per bar, typical of a march rhythm.
2/4拍：每小节2个四分音符拍，典型进行曲节奏。
6/8: compound duple metre, with two groups of three quavers per bar; it is counted in 2, not in 6.
6/8拍：复二拍子，每小节由两组三连八分音符组成；按2拍数，而不是按6拍数。
2/2 (cut common time, written as C with a vertical line) has 2 minim beats per bar and feels faster than 4/4.
2/2拍（二二拍，写作带竖线的C）每小节2个二分音符拍，感觉比4/4拍更快。
Simple time divides each beat into 2 equal parts; compound time divides each beat into 3 equal parts.
单拍子把每一拍分成2个等份；复拍子把每一拍分成3个等份。
Compound metres you should know: 6/8 (duple), 9/8 (triple) and 12/8 (quadruple) - the top number is always a multiple of 3.
需要掌握的复拍子：6/8（复二）、9/8（复三）、12/8（复四）——上方数字始终是3的倍数。
An anacrusis (upbeat) is an incomplete bar at the start of a piece; the missing beats are usually found at the end of the last bar.
弱起小节是乐曲开头的第一个不完整小节；缺少的拍数通常在最后一小节补足。
3. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式
Every major scale follows the same pattern of whole tones (T or W) and semitones (S or H).
所有大调音阶都遵循相同的全音（T/W）与半音（S/H）模式。
T - T - S - T - T - T - S
Starting on C, this pattern gives C D E F G A B C with no sharps or flats.
从C音开始，这个模式得到C D E F G A B C，不含任何升号或降号。
To build any other major scale, keep the T-T-S-T-T-T-S pattern exactly and add whatever accidentals are needed: G major needs F♯, D major needs F♯ and C♯, F major needs B♭.
要构建其他大调音阶，只需严格保持T-T-S-T-T-T-S模式并加入所需的临时记号：G大调需要F♯，D大调需要F♯和C♯，F大调需要B♭。
The two semitones in a major scale always fall between scale degrees 3-4 and 7-8 (in C major: E-F and B-C).
大调音阶中的两个半音永远位于第3-4音级之间和第7-8音级之间（C大调中即E-F与B-C）。
The order of sharps is F C G D A E B, and the order of flats is B E A D G C F - the reverse of the sharp order.
升号顺序为F C G D A E B，降号顺序为B E A D G C F——正好与升号顺序相反。
The tonic (1st degree) is the home note, and the dominant (5th degree) is the strongest supporting note after it.
主音（第1音级）是调性中心音，属音（第5音级）是仅次于主音的最有力支持音。
4. Minor Scales and Scale Degree Names | 小调音阶与音级名称
The natural minor scale follows the pattern T - S - T - T - S - T - T.
自然小调音阶遵循 T - S - T - T - S - T - T 的模式。
A minor is the relative minor of C major: same key signature, same notes, different tonic.
a小调是C大调的关系小调：调号相同、音符相同，但主音不同。
To find the relative minor, go down a minor 3rd from the major tonic (or up a major 6th). To find the relative major, go up a minor 3rd from the minor tonic.
寻找关系小调，从大调主音向下小三度（或向上大六度）；寻找关系大调，从小调主音向上小三度。
The harmonic minor scale raises the 7th degree by a semitone, creating an augmented 2nd between degrees 6 and 7.
和声小调将第7音级升高半音，从而在第6与第7音级之间形成增二度。
The melodic minor scale raises the 6th and 7th degrees ascending, then returns to the natural minor form descending.
旋律小调上行时升高第6、第7音级，下行时还原为自然小调形式。
same tonic as the major key but adds three flats to the key signature (C major → c minor).
同名小调与大调主音相同，但调号增加三个降号（C大调 → c小调）。
Scale degree names in order: tonic (1), supertonic (2), mediant (3), subdominant (4), dominant (5), submediant (6), leading note (7).
音级名称依次为：主音（1）、上主音（2）、中音（3）、下属音（4）、属音（5）、下中音（6）、导音（7）。
The 7th degree is called the leading note when it is a semitone below the tonic; in the natural minor it is a whole tone below and is called the subtonic.
第7音级距主音半音时称导音；在自然小调中距主音全音，称为下主音。
5. Key Signatures and the Circle of Fifths | 调号与五度圈
Key signatures place all the sharps or flats of a key at the start of every stave, in a fixed order.
调号把某个调的所有升号或降号按固定顺序写在每行谱表的开头。
Rule for sharps: the last sharp in the key signature is the leading note, so the key is a semitone above it. G major has 1 sharp (F♯), D major has 2 (F♯ C♯), A major has 3, E major has 4, B major has 5.
升号调规则：调号中最后一个升号就是导音，因此调名比它高半音。G大调1个升号（F♯），D大调2个（F♯ C♯），A大调3个，E大调4个，B大调5个。
Rule for flats: the second-to-last flat is the tonic. F major has 1 flat (B♭), B♭ major has 2 (B♭ E♭), E♭ major has 3, A♭ major has 4, D♭ major has 5.
降号调规则：倒数第二个降号就是主音。F大调1个降号（B♭），降B大调2个（B♭ E♭），降E大调3个，降A大调4个，降D大调5个。
Moving up a perfect 5th adds one sharp (or removes one flat); moving down a perfect 5th adds one flat (or removes one sharp).
向上纯五度增加一个升号（或减少一个降号）；向下纯五度增加一个降号（或减少一个
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