📚 Year 7 Cambridge Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | 剑桥社会学术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential Sociology word bank! This guide is built specifically for Year 7 Cambridge learners to help you lock in the most important terms quickly. Each term comes with a simple English definition, an immediate Chinese translation, and a memory trick that turns tricky words into unforgettable pictures. Use these pairs to speed up your revision and build confidence for class discussions and assessments.
欢迎来到你必备的社会学词汇库！本指南专为剑桥七年级学生设计，帮助你快速牢记最重要的术语。每个术语都配有简单的英文定义、对应的中文翻译，以及一个将难词变成难忘图像的速记法。使用这些英中双语配对可以加快你的复习速度，并为课堂讨论和评估建立信心。
1. Society and Culture | 社会与文化
A 'society' is a large group of people who live in the same territory, follow common rules, and share a sense of belonging. It is not just a random crowd; it is an organised system of relationships.
“社会”指生活在一片共同区域、遵守相同规则并共享归属感的一大群人。它不只是随意聚集的人群，而是一个有组织的关系系统。
Memory trick: Picture 'society' as 'so city' — a giant bustling city where everyone is connected by transport, language, and laws.
记忆技巧：把“society”想象成“如此城市”（so city）—— 一座巨型繁华城市，所有人通过交通、语言和法律联系在一起。
'Culture' refers to the whole way of life of a society: its beliefs, customs, languages, music, food, and art. It is the software that runs our social world.
“文化”指一个社会的全部生活方式：它的信仰、习俗、语言、音乐、食物和艺术。它是运行我们社会世界的软件。
Memory trick: 'Culture' sounds like 'cultivate'. Just as farmers cultivate plants, societies cultivate shared habits and beliefs over time. Imagine planting seeds of custom that grow into a whole way of life.
记忆技巧：“Culture”听起来像“cultivate”（耕种）。就像农民耕种植物一样，社会随着时间的推移培育出共同的习惯和信仰。想象播下习俗的种子，长成整套生活方式。
2. Socialisation and Its Agents | 社会化及其媒介
'Socialisation' is the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, and behaviours accepted in your society. It is how you learn to fit in.
“社会化”是学习社会认可的行为规范、价值观和行为的终身过程。它教你如何融入社会。
Memory trick: Break it into 'social + isation' — a process that makes you 'social-ready'. Think of it as a factory production line, turning a newborn into a full member of society.
记忆技巧：拆解为“social + isation”—— 一个让你做好“社交准备”的过程。想象一条工厂流水线，把新生儿变成社会的正式成员。
'Agents of socialisation' are the people and groups that teach you these rules. The main agents are family, school, peer groups, and the media.
“社会化媒介”是教会你这些规则的人群和组织。主要媒介包括家庭、学校、同龄群体和媒体。
Memory trick: Think of FSMP — Family, School, Media, Peers — as four invisible teachers sitting on your shoulder, whispering how to behave.
记忆技巧：把 FSMP（家庭、学校、媒体、同龄群体）想象成四个坐在你肩头的隐形老师，悄悄告诉你该如何行事。
3. Norms and Values | 规范与价值观
'Norms' are the unwritten rules that guide our everyday behaviour — for example, queuing in a shop or saying 'please' and 'thank you'. They may differ from one culture to another.
“规范”是指导我们日常行为的不成文规则 —— 比如在商店排队或说“请”和“谢谢”。规范可能因文化而异。
Memory trick: Norms = Normal actions. Ask yourself, 'What would be normal to do in this situation?'
记忆技巧：Norms（规范）= Normal（正常的）行为。问问自己：“在这种情况下，怎样做才是正常的？”
'Values' are the deep beliefs that a society considers important, such as honesty, respect, and equality. Values give meaning to norms; for instance, we queue because we value fairness.
“价值观”是一个社会认为重要的深层信念，例如诚实、尊重和平等。价值观赋予规范意义；例如，我们排队是因为看重公平。
Valuable principles. Just like currency has value, these ideas have high worth in society.
记忆技巧：Values（价值观）= Valuable（有价值的）原则。就像货币有价值一样，这些观念在社会中有很高的价值。
4. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
A 'social role' is the expected behaviour attached to a particular position in society. For example, the role of a student includes listening, doing homework, and following school rules.
“社会角色”是社会中某个特定职位被期待的行为。例如，学生角色包括听课、写作业和遵守校规。
Memory trick: Imagine an actor's script. When you enter a new situation, you read from the 'role script' that tells you how to perform.
记忆技巧：想象演员的剧本。当你进入一个新环境时，你读的就是告诉你如何表演的“角色剧本”。
'Status' refers to the social rank or position a person holds. It can be 'ascribed' (given at birth, like being a prince or a daughter) or 'achieved' (earned through effort, like becoming a team captain).
“地位”指一个人拥有的社会等级或职位。它可以是“先赋的”（与生俱来，如王子或女儿）或“自致的”（通过努力获得，如成为队长）。
Memory trick: A-scribed starts with 'A', as in 'Automatic' — you get it automatically. Achieved status needs you to 'A-chieve' something.
记忆技巧：A-scribed（先赋）以“A”开头，如同“Automatic”（自动）—— 自动获得。Achieved status（自致地位）则需要你做“Achieve”（达成）某事。
5. Identity: Who Am I? | 身份认同：我是谁？
'Identity' is how you see yourself and how others see you. It is built from many parts: your gender, ethnicity, nationality, hobbies, and beliefs.
“身份认同”是你如何看待自己以及他人如何看待你。它由许多部分组成：你的性别、族群、国籍、爱好和信仰。
Memory trick: Identity is your personal jigsaw puzzle. Each piece — like culture, language, or religion — clicks together to form your unique picture.
记忆技巧：身份认同是你的个人拼图。每一块 —— 如文化、语言或宗教 —— 拼在一起就组成了你独特的画像。
'Ethnicity' describes a shared cultural heritage, often including language, traditions, and ancestry. It is different from 'nationality', which is the country where you hold citizenship.
“族群”描述共享的文化遗产，常包括语言、传统和祖先。它不同于“国籍”，国籍是你持有公民身份的国家。
Memory trick: Ethnicity = Traditions. Think 'eTnicity' with a 'T' to remind you of traditions passed down through generations.
记忆技巧：Ethnicity（族群）= Traditions（传统）。想象“eTnicity”有一个“T”，提醒你代代相传的传统。
6. Family Types and Functions | 家庭类型与功能
A 'nuclear family' consists of two parents and their children living together. An 'extended family' includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, often under one roof or very close by.
“核心家庭”由父母和他们的子女共同生活组成。“扩展家庭”包括祖父母、阿姨、叔叔和表亲，往往住在同一屋檐下或很近的地方。
Memory trick: Picture a nucleus at the centre of an atom — the nuclear family is the tiny core. The extended family is like the electron cloud, stretching outward in all directions.
记忆技巧：想象原子中心的原子核（nucleus）—— 核心家庭就是那个小小的核心。扩展家庭则像电子云，向四面八方延伸。
Sociologists see two main functions of the family: 'primary socialisation' (teaching children the basic rules of society) and 'emotional support' (providing love and security).
社会学家认为家庭有两个主要功能：“初级社会化”（教给孩子社会的基本规则）和“情感支持”（提供爱与安全感）。
+ Safe Harbour. The first school teaches walking and talking; the safe harbour gives hugs.
记忆技巧：家庭 = 第一所学校 + 安全港湾。第一所学校教会走路和说话；安全港湾给予拥抱。
7. Education and the Hidden Curriculum | 教育与隐藏课程
The 'formal curriculum' is what you study in lessons: maths, science, languages. But there is also a 'hidden curriculum' — the informal learning of punctuality, obedience, and working in hierarchies that schools teach without saying it out loud.
“正式课程”是你在课堂上学的内容：数学、科学、语言。但还有“隐藏课程”—— 学校不声不响地教授的有关守时、服从和在等级制度中工作的非正式学习。
Memory trick: The hidden curriculum is like the operating system on a computer. It runs in the background, making everything else work smoothly without you noticing it.
记忆技巧：隐藏课程就像电脑的操作系统。它在后台运行，让你毫无察觉地使其他一切顺利运转。
'Meritocracy' is the idea that people succeed based on their ability and effort, not because of their family background. Many schools are designed to be meritocratic.
“贤能主义”指人们凭借能力和努力而非家庭背景取得成功。许多学校的设计就是贤能主义的。
Memory trick: Merit + cracy = earned rule. Think 'merit' like 'merit award' — you receive it for your hard work, not your surname.
记忆技巧：Merit（能力）+ cracy（统治）= 凭能力获得统治的地位。想想“merit award”（优秀奖）—— 你因努力获得它，而不是因为你的姓氏。
8. Social Class and Inequality | 社会阶级与不平等
'Social class' is a way of grouping people based on their economic situation, occupation, and lifestyle. Common categories are upper class, middle class, and working class.
“社会阶级”是基于人们的经济状况、职业和生活方式进行分类的一种方式。常见类别有上层阶级、中产阶级和工人阶级。
Memory trick: Imagine a giant staircase. Those with more wealth and education stand on higher steps. This 'class staircase' helps visualise how society is layered.
记忆技巧：想象一个巨大的楼梯。拥有更多财富和教育的人站在更高的台阶上。这个“阶级楼梯”有助于可视化社会如何分层。
'Inequality' refers to the uneven distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards. Income, education, and health can all be unequal in a society.
“不平等”指资源、机会和回报的不均衡分配。一个社会中的收入、教育和健康都可能是不平等的。
. Picture a seesaw with one side loaded heavily with gold and the other side barely off the ground. That tilt is inequality.
记忆技巧：Inequality = 不相等。想象一个跷跷板，一端堆满了金子，另一端几乎没离地。这种倾斜就是不平等。
9. Power, Authority and Politics | 权力、权威与政治
'Power' is the ability to make others do what you want, even if they resist. 'Authority' is power that people accept as legitimate — like a teacher's right to set homework.
“权力”是让他人按你的意愿行事的能力，即使他们反抗。“权威”是人们认为是正当的权力 —— 例如老师布置作业的权利。
Memory trick: Power is a big fist; authority is a police badge. The badge works because people believe in the system behind it.
记忆技巧：权力是一只大拳头；权威是警察徽章。徽章之所以有效，是因为人们相信其背后的制度。
'Democracy' is a political system where citizens have a say in decision-making, usually by voting. It rests on the principle of popular sovereignty.
“民主”是一种政治制度，公民通常通过投票参与决策。它建立在人民主权的原则之上。
Memory trick: Demo-cracy = people rule. 'Demo' like 'demonstration' where people show their voice, and 'cracy' like 'rule'.
记忆技巧：Democracy（民主）= 人民统治。“Demo”如同“demonstration”（示威），人们展示自己的声音，“cracy”如同“统治”。
10. Gender and Social Construction | 性别与社会建构
'Sex' refers to the biological differences between males and females. 'Gender', on the other hand, is socially constructed: it is about the roles, behaviours, and expectations that a society attaches to being masculine or feminine.
“生理性别”指男性和女性之间的生物学差异。而“社会性别”是社会建构的：涉及社会赋予男性或女性的角色、行为和期望。
Memory trick: Sex is body, Gender is clothes. Your body is biology; the pink or blue blanket is what society wraps around you based on expectations.
记忆技巧：生理性别是身体，社会性别是衣服。你的身体是生物学事实；粉色或蓝色的毯子是社会根据期望为你裹上的。
'Gender stereotypes' are simplified, generalised views about how males and females should behave — such as 'boys are tough' or 'girls are gentle'. These can limit individuals.
“性别刻板印象”是对男性和女性该如何行为的简化普遍看法 —— 比如“男孩要坚强”或“女孩要温柔”。这些可能限制个人。
reotype = stuck tape. Imagine a cassette tape that plays the same old tune again and again — a repeated, oversimplified message.
记忆技巧：Stereotype（刻板印象）= 卡住的磁带。想象一盘磁带反反复复播放同一首老歌 —— 一个重复的、过度简化的信息。
11. Crime, Deviance and Social Control | 犯罪、越轨与社会控制
'Deviance' is behaviour that breaks the accepted norms of a society. Not all deviance is criminal — wearing pyjamas to school might be deviant but is not illegal.
“越轨”是违反社会公认规范的行为。并非所有越轨行为都是犯罪 —— 穿着睡衣去上学可能是越轨的，但不违法。
viation from the norm. Think of a path in the forest; walking off the path is a deviation.
记忆技巧：Deviance（越轨）= deviation（偏离）正常状态。想象森林里的小路；离开小路就是偏离。
'Social control' means the ways society tries to make people follow the norms, either through formal means (laws, police) or informal means (frowns, gossip, praise).
“社会控制”指社会试图让人们遵守规范的方式，可以是正式手段（法律、警察）或非正式手段（皱眉、八卦、赞扬）。
Memory trick: Think of invisible reins guiding people. Formal control is a strong metal bit; informal control is a gentle tug of the rein from friends and family.
记忆技巧：想象无形的缰绳引导人们。正式控制是强硬的金属嚼子；非正式控制是来自朋友和家人的轻轻一拉。
12. Key Terminology Memory Palace | 关键术语记忆宫殿
This final section uses a simple memory palace: imagine walking through your own home. Place each core term in a room, and the bilingual description will stick.
最后一节使用简单的记忆宫殿：想象在家中走动。把每个核心术语放在一个房间里，双语描述就会记住。
Living room = Society and Culture — where family gathers and shares customs. Kitchen = Socialisation — the place where recipes (norms) are passed down. Study room = Roles and Status — desks show different jobs. Bedroom = Identity — personal items reflect who you are. Front door = Power and Authority — who holds the key determines who enters.
客厅 = 社会与文化 —— 家人聚集并分享习俗的地方。厨房 = 社会化 —— 食谱（规范）代代相传的地方。书房 = 角色与地位 —— 书桌显示出不同的任务。卧室 = 身份认同 —— 私人物品反映了你是谁。大门 = 权力与权威 —— 谁持有钥匙决定了谁能进入。
Tour this memory house three times while speaking the terms aloud in English and Chinese. The pictures will hardwire the vocabulary into your long-term memory.
在记忆之屋中游览三次，同时用英文和中文大声说出术语。这些图像会将词汇固化到你的长期记忆中。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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