📚 A Guide to Memorising Key Computer Terms for Year 7 | 七年级计算机关键术语速记指南
Starting Year 7 Computing can feel like learning a brand new language. The words you hear – CPU, RAM, algorithm, binary – might seem confusing at first, but once you break them down and see how they connect, they become much easier to remember. This guide is designed to help you quickly build your vocabulary by linking each term to a simple explanation, an everyday example, and a visual idea. Use it to revise for tests, check your understanding, or simply to feel more confident when talking about how computers work.
刚开始学习七年级计算机课程，你可能会觉得自己在学一门全新的语言。CPU、RAM、算法、二进制……这些词乍一听让人头晕，可只要把它们拆开，看清彼此之间的联系，记起来就轻松多了。这份指南的目的，就是帮你快速积累词汇——每一个术语都配上简单的解释、生活中的例子和一个可以想象的画面。你可以用它来备考、检查自己是否真的理解，或者单纯让自己在谈论计算机时更有底气。
1. Hardware and Software | 硬件与软件
Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer system – the pieces you can see and touch, such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, motherboard, and hard drive. Think of hardware as the body of the computer. Without hardware, there would be nothing to run software on.
硬件指的是计算机系统中那些看得见、摸得着的物理部件，比如键盘、鼠标、显示器、主板和硬盘。可以把硬件想象成计算机的“身体”。没有硬件，软件就无处运行。
Software is the collection of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do. Software cannot be touched; it is stored digitally. Examples include word processors, games, web browsers, and the operating system. If hardware is the body, software is the mind.
软件则是指令或程序的集合，它告诉硬件该做什么。软件是摸不着的，以数字形式存储。文字处理软件、游戏、网络浏览器和操作系统都是软件。如果说硬件是身体，软件就是大脑。
Peripheral is a device connected to the computer but not part of the core system unit. Printers, scanners, external hard drives, and microphones are all peripherals. They expand what the computer can do.
外设是连接在计算机上但不属于核心主机的设备。打印机、扫描仪、外置硬盘和麦克风都是外设，它们拓展了计算机的功能范围。
2. Input and Output Devices | 输入与输出设备
An input device sends data into the computer. When you press a key on a keyboard, click a mouse button, or speak into a microphone, you are using an input device. The data flows from the user to the machine, allowing you to give commands.
输入设备把数据送入计算机。你按键盘上的键、点击鼠标按钮，或者对着麦克风说话时，就是在使用输入设备。数据从用户流向机器，让你能够下达指令。
An output device receives processed data from the computer and presents it to the user. Monitors display text and images, speakers produce sound, and printers create paper copies. Output devices make the computer’s work visible or audible.
输出设备接收计算机处理后的数据并呈现给用户。显示器展示文字和图像，扬声器发出声音，打印机做出纸质副本。输出设备让计算机的工作变得可见或可听。
A touchscreen works as both an input and an output device. It displays pictures and text like a monitor (output) and also detects where you touch, sending that information back to the computer (input).
触摸屏既是输入设备又是输出设备。它像显示器一样显示图像和文字（输出），同时还能探测你触碰的位置，把信息送回计算机（输入）。
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU) | 中央处理器
The CPU is often called the 'brain' of the computer. It carries out instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations. Every time you open an app, type a letter, or click a link, the CPU processes that action.
CPU常被叫做计算机的“大脑”。它通过执行基本的算术、逻辑、控制和输入/输出操作来实现程序指令。你每次打开应用、输入一个字母或点击一个链接，CPU都会处理这个动作。
Clock speed measures how fast a CPU can execute instructions. It is usually given in gigahertz (GHz). A higher clock speed generally means the processor can complete more cycles per second, making the computer feel snappier. Think of it as the heartbeat of the machine.
时钟速度衡量CPU执行指令的快慢，通常以吉赫兹（GHz）为单位。时钟速度越高，一般意味着处理器每秒能完成更多周期，让电脑反应更快。可以把它想象成机器的心跳。
A core is an independent processing unit inside the CPU. Modern CPUs often have multiple cores (dual-core, quad-core). Multiple cores let the computer run several tasks at the same time without slowing down, like having several brains working together.
核心是CPU内部独立的处理单元。现代CPU通常有多个核心（双核、四核等）。多核心让计算机能同时处理多项任务而不会变慢，就像好几个大脑一起工作。
4. Primary and Secondary Storage | 主存储与辅助存储
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the computer's short‑term, or primary, memory. It holds the data and programs you are using right now, so the CPU can reach them quickly. RAM is volatile, which means its content is lost when the power is turned off. More RAM usually lets you run more programs smoothly at once.
RAM（随机存取存储器）是计算机的短期记忆，或者说主存储。它存放你正在使用的数据和程序，以便CPU快速访问。RAM具有易失性，也就是说断电后内容就会丢失。RAM越大，通常你就能同时流畅运行越多的程序。
ROM (Read‑Only Memory) is a small, non‑volatile memory chip that stores the instructions needed to start up the computer (firmware). It keeps its data even without power. You cannot easily change what is stored in ROM; it is 'read only' under normal operation.
ROM（只读存储器）是一块小型非易失性存储芯片，保存着启动计算机所需的指令（固件）。即使断电，它的数据也不会丢失。正常情况下你无法轻易更改ROM中的内容，它确实是“只读”的。
Secondary storage keeps data for the long term. Hard disk drives (HDDs), solid‑state drives (SSDs), and USB flash drives are all secondary storage. Unlike RAM, these devices keep your files, games, and photos even when the computer is turned off.
辅助存储用于长期保存数据。硬盘驱动器（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）和USB闪存盘都属于辅助存储。与RAM不同，这些设备即使计算机关机后依然能保存你的文件、游戏和照片。
5. Operating Systems and User Interfaces | 操作系统与用户界面
An operating system (OS) is the master software that manages all hardware and other programs. It controls the CPU, memory, storage, and input/output devices, and provides a way for you to interact with the machine. Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android are operating systems.
操作系统（OS）是管理所有硬件和其他程序的总控软件。它控制着CPU、内存、存储器和输入输出设备，并为你提供与机器交互的途径。微软Windows、macOS、Linux、iOS和安卓都是操作系统。
A graphical user interface (GUI) lets you control the computer through visual elements – windows, icons, menus, and pointers. You click, drag, and tap instead of typing commands. Nearly all modern computers and smartphones rely on GUIs because they are intuitive.
图形用户界面（GUI）允许你通过视觉元素——窗口、图标、菜单和指针——来控制计算机。你只需点击、拖拽和点按，而不必输入指令。现在几乎所有的电脑和手机都依靠GUI，因为它非常直观。
A command‑line interface (CLI) is one where you type text commands to tell the computer what to do. It looks like a simple black screen with white lettering. While CLIs can seem old‑fashioned, they are powerful and still used by programmers and system administrators.
命令行界面（CLI）需要你输入文字命令来告诉计算机该做什么。它看起来像一块简单的黑底白字屏幕。虽然CLI显得有些过时，但它功能强大，至今仍有许多程序员和系统管理员在使用。
6. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A network is formed when two or more computers are connected together to share data and resources, such as files or a printer. A network can be as small as two laptops at home, or as large as all the computers in a school.
当两台或更多计算机连接在一起，以便共享数据和资源（比如文件或打印机）时，就形成了一个网络。网络可以小到家里的两台笔记本电脑，也可以大到学校里所有的计算机。
A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small geographical area – a single building or campus. All the devices in your school, connected to the same Wi‑Fi or cables, form a LAN. A WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a much larger area, sometimes a whole country or continent. The biggest WAN is the Internet itself.
局域网（LAN）覆盖较小的地理区域——一栋楼或一个校园。学校里所有连接到同一个Wi-Fi或网线的设备，就构成了一个局域网。广域网（WAN）则横跨大得多的区域，有时覆盖整个国家或大陆。最大的广域网就是互联网本身。
A router is the device that directs traffic between networks. At home, your router connects your home LAN to the Internet. A switch connects devices within the same network and makes sure the data reaches the correct destination.
路由器是引导网络之间通信的设备。在家里，路由器把你的家庭局域网连接到互联网。交换机在同一个网络内连接设备，并确保数据到达正确的目的地。
7. Data Measurement Units | 数据计量单位
A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. All information inside a computer, from a simple text file to a high‑resolution video, is ultimately stored as enormous strings of bits.
比特（二进制位）是计算机中最小的数据单位。它只能存储两个值中的一个：0或1。计算机里的所有信息，从一个简单的文本文件到一段高清视频，最终都以庞大的比特串形式存储。
Byte is a group of 8 bits, which is enough to represent a single character like 'A' or '7'. When we talk about file sizes, we usually use bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes, because a bit would be too small for everyday use.
字节由8个比特组成，足以表示像'A'或'7'这样的单个字符。我们谈论文件大小时通常用字节、千字节、兆字节和吉字节，因为比特对日常使用来说实在太小了。
A kilobyte (KB) is about 1000 bytes (1024 bytes technically, but often rounded for simplicity). A megabyte (MB) is about 1000 KB, a gigabyte (GB) about 1000 MB, and a terabyte (TB) about 1000 GB. These prefixes help you understand how much storage a file or device can hold.
千字节（KB）大约是1000字节（技术上为1024字节，但通常为简单而取约数）。兆字节（MB）大约是1000 KB，吉字节（GB）大约是1000 MB，而太字节（TB）大约是1000 GB。这些前缀帮你理解一个文件或设备能容纳多少数据。
8. Binary and Data Representation | 二进制与数据表示
Binary is a number system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Computers work with binary because their circuits have two states – on and off. Everything you see on the screen, including colours, sounds, and text, is stored as sequences of 0s and 1s.
二进制是一种只使用0和1两个数码的数字系统。计算机之所以用二进制，是因为它们的电路只有两种状态——开和关。你在屏幕上看到的一切，包括颜色、声音和文字，都以0和1的序列存储。
Denary is the base‑10 number system we use in everyday life, with digits 0 to 9. When you type the number 42, the computer must convert it into binary (00101010) before it can process it. Learning to convert between denary and binary is a core Year 7 skill.
十进制是我们日常生活中使用的基数为10的数字系统，用到0到9这十个数码。当你输入数字42时，计算机必须把它转换成二进制（00101010）才能处理。学会十进制与二进制之间的转换是七年级的核心技能。
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a code that maps letters, digits, and symbols to numbers so the computer can store them in binary. For example, the capital letter 'A' is represented by the denary number 65, which in binary is 01000001.
ASCII（美国信息交换标准代码）是一种把字母、数字和符号映射成数字的编码，这样计算机就能用二进制存储它们。例如，大写字母'A'用十进制数字65来表示，转换成二进制就是01000001。
9. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
An algorithm is a step‑by‑step set of instructions designed to solve a problem or complete a task. A recipe for baking a cake, directions to walk from your home to school, or even the rules of a game are all algorithms. In computing, we write algorithms that a computer can follow.
算法是为解决问题或完成任务而设计的一步步指令。烤蛋糕的食谱、从家走到学校的路线说明，甚至游戏规则，都是算法。在计算领域，我们编写计算机能够遵循的算法。
A variable is a named container in a program that stores a piece of data which can change. For example, in a game, the player’s score is a variable: it starts at 0 and increases by points. Variables let programs remember things and respond to new situations.
变量是程序中一个有名字的容器，用来存储一段可能变化的数据。比如在游戏中，玩家的得分就是一个变量：它从0开始，然后随着得分而增加。变量让程序能“记住”东西并对新情况做出反应。
A loop is a programming structure that repeats a block of code as long as a condition is true. It stops us from writing the same instructions over and over. The 'repeat' and 'forever' blocks in Scratch are common loop examples. Loops make code shorter and smarter.
循环是一种编程结构，只要某个条件为真，它就会重复执行一段代码。循环让我们不必一遍又一遍地写相同的指令。Scratch中的“重复”和“无限循环”积木就是常见的循环例子。循环能让代码更短、更聪明。
10. Cybersecurity Basics | 网络安全基础
Malware is short for malicious software. It includes viruses, worms, trojan horses, and spyware – all designed to damage, disrupt, or steal data from a computer. Malware often arrives in email attachments, fake downloads, or infected websites.
恶意软件（Malware）是malicious software的缩写，包含病毒、蠕虫、木马和间谍软件——目的是损坏计算机、破坏系统或窃取数据。恶意软件常常通过邮件附件、虚假下载链接或被感染的网站传播。
A firewall is a security barrier that monitors traffic between a trusted network (like your home network) and an untrusted network (like the Internet). It blocks dangerous data coming in and prevents sensitive information from leaking out. Think of it as a security guard checking every package that tries to pass through.
防火墙是一道安全屏障，监控受信任网络（如你的家庭网络）与不受信任网络（如互联网）之间的通信。它会拦住传入的危险数据，并防止敏感信息外泄。可以把它想象成一位检查每一个通行包裹的保安。
Phishing is a trick where attackers pretend to be a trustworthy source – like a bank, a school, or a friend – to get you to reveal passwords, credit‑card numbers, or other private data. Phishing usually comes through email or fake websites. Always double‑check who sent you a message before clicking on any link.
钓鱼攻击（Phishing）是一种骗术，攻击者伪装成可靠的来源——比如银行、学校或好友——诱骗你透露密码、信用卡号或其他私密数据。钓鱼攻击通常通过邮件或虚假网站进行。在点击任何链接之前，一定要再三确认是谁发来的信息。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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