📚 Year 7 Cambridge English: Formula & Rules Quick Reference | 七年级剑桥英语：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your Year 7 Cambridge English quick-reference guide. This handbook turns essential grammar, punctuation, and writing rules into clear, memorable formulas. Use it to revise, check your work, and build confidence in every piece of writing you produce.
欢迎使用七年级剑桥英语速查手册。本手册将核心语法、标点和写作规则转化为清晰易记的公式，供你在复习、检查作业和增强写作信心时随时查阅。
1. Parts of Speech Formula | 词性公式
Every English word belongs to a part-of-speech category. These categories work like a formula: knowing whether a word is a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb helps you use it correctly. The basic building blocks are:
每个英语单词都属于一个词性类别。这些类别就像公式：知道一个词是名词、动词、形容词还是副词，有助于你正确使用它。基本的积木公式如下：
Noun = person, place, thing, or idea (e.g., teacher, park, courage)
名词 = 人、地点、事物或概念（如 teacher, park, courage）
Verb = action or state (e.g., run, is, think)
动词 = 动作或状态（如 run, is, think）
Adjective = describes a noun (e.g., tall, happy, blue)
形容词 = 修饰名词（如 tall, happy, blue）
Adverb = describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb (e.g., quickly, very, well)
副词 = 修饰动词、形容词或另一个副词（如 quickly, very, well）
these to create descriptive phrases. Formula: Adjective + Noun = descriptive phrase (e.g., 'red balloon'); Verb + Adverb = detailed action (e.g., 'speak softly').
你可以将它们组合起来创建描述性短语。公式：形容词 + 名词 = 描述性短语（如 'red balloon'）；动词 + 副词 = 具体动作（如 'speak softly'）。
2. Subject-Verb Agreement Rule | 主谓一致规则
The subject and the verb in a sentence must agree in number. This is a fundamental formula for correct English.
句子中的主语和动词必须在数上保持一致。这是英语正确性的基本公式。
Singular subject + singular verb (e.g., The dog barks.)
单数主语 + 单数动词（如 The dog barks.）
Plural subject + plural verb (e.g., The dogs bark.)
复数主语 + 复数动词（如 The dogs bark.）
Watch out for tricky subjects like 'everyone' or 'nobody', which are singular. Formula: Indefinite pronoun (everyone, each) + singular verb. Example: 'Everyone is happy.' Never 'Everyone are happy.'
注意像 'everyone' 或 'nobody' 这样的棘手主语，它们是单数。公式：不定代词（everyone, each）+ 单数动词。示例：'Everyone is happy.' 绝不能写成 'Everyone are happy.'
3. Simple Sentence Structure | 简单句结构
A simple sentence expresses one complete idea. It follows a strict formula that always includes a subject and a predicate (the part that says something about the subject).
简单句表达一个完整的意思。它遵循一个严格的公式，总是包含主语和谓语（说明主语内容的部分）。
Simple Sentence = Subject + Predicate
简单句 = 主语 + 谓语
The predicate usually contains a verb. Often, the formula expands to: Subject + Verb + Object/Complement. Example: 'The bird (subject) sang (verb) a song (object).'
谓语通常包含动词。通常公式扩展为：主语 + 动词 + 宾语/补语。示例：'The bird（主语） sang（动词） a song（宾语）。'
Remember, even a two-word command like 'Stop!' is a simple sentence with an implied subject (you). Formula: (You) + Verb.
记住，即使是像 'Stop!' 这样的两字命令句，也是一个简单句，其主语（you）是隐含的。公式：(You) + 动词。
4. Compound Sentences (FANBOYS) | 并列句（FANBOYS）
When you join two independent clauses (simple sentences) together, you create a compound sentence. The joining word is a coordinating conjunction, remembered by the acronym FANBOYS.
当你把两个独立分句（简单句）连接在一起时，你就创建了一个并列句。连接词是并列连词，可用首字母缩略词 FANBOYS 帮助记忆。
Compound Sentence = Independent clause + , + coordinating conjunction + independent clause
并列句 = 独立分句 + , + 并列连词 + 独立分句
FANBOYS stands for: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. Example: 'I wanted to go outside, but it started to rain.' Both clauses can stand alone, and 'but' links them.
FANBOYS 代表：For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So。示例：'I wanted to go outside, but it started to rain.' 两个分句都能独立成句，'but' 将它们连接起来。
Do not forget the comma before the conjunction. Without it, the sentence may be a run-on.
不要忘记在连词前加逗号。否则句子可能会成为连写句。
5. Complex Sentences with Subordinators | 复合句与从属连词
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction and cannot stand alone.
复合句包含一个独立分句和至少一个从属分句。从属分句以从属连词开头，不能独立成句。
Complex Sentence = Independent clause + subordinating conjunction + dependent clause
复合句 = 独立分句 + 从属连词 + 从属分句
Common subordinators: because, although, when, if, since, while, after, before. Example: 'We stayed inside because it was raining.' 'Because it was raining' is the dependent clause.
常见的从属连词：because, although, when, if, since, while, after, before。示例：'We stayed inside because it was raining.' 'Because it was raining' 是从属分句。
You can also place the dependent clause first, followed by a comma: 'Because it was raining, we stayed inside.' Formula: Subordinator + dependent clause + , + independent clause.
你也可以把从属分句放在前面，后面用逗号：'Because it was raining, we stayed inside.' 公式：从属连词 + 从属分句 + , + 独立分句。
6. Tense Formulas: Present Tenses | 时态公式：现在时
Present tenses describe actions happening now or regularly. Learn the formulas to avoid common mistakes.
现在时描述正在发生或经常发生的动作。学习这些公式可以避免常见错误。
Present Simple = Subject + base verb (+ s/es for he/she/it)
一般现在时 = 主语 + 动词原形（he/she/it 时加 s/es）
Example: 'She writes every day.' Negative: Subject + do/does + not + base verb. 'He does not write.'
示例：'She writes every day.' 否定式：主语 + do/does + not + 动词原形。'He does not write.'
Present Continuous = Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing
现在进行时 = 主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing
Use this for actions in progress right now. Example: 'They are playing football.' Negative: 'They are not playing football.'
用于描述此刻正在进行的动作。示例：'They are playing football.' 否定式：'They are not playing football.'
7. Tense Formulas: Past Tenses | 时态公式：过去时
To talk about completed actions or ongoing past situations, use past tense formulas.
谈论已完成的动作或过去正在进行的状况，要使用过去时的公式。
Past Simple = Subject + past form of verb (regular verb + -ed; irregular forms)
一般过去时 = 主语 + 动词过去式（规则动词加 -ed；不规则变化）
Example: 'We visited the museum.' / 'She wrote a letter.' Negative: Subject + did + not + base verb. 'He did not go.'
示例：'We visited the museum.' / 'She wrote a letter.' 否定式：主语 + did + not + 动词原形。'He did not go.'
Past Continuous = Subject + was/were + verb-ing
过去进行时 = 主语 + was/were + 动词-ing
This tense describes an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. Example: 'I was reading when you called.'
这一时态描述过去某个特定时刻正在进行的动作。示例：'I was reading when you called.'
8. Tense Formulas: Future Tenses | 时态公式：将来时
Future tenses allow you to talk about plans, predictions, and intentions. The two most common formulas are with 'will' and 'going to'.
将来时让你能够谈论计划、预测和意图。两个最常用的公式是 'will' 和 'going to'。
Future with 'will' = Subject + will + base verb
将来时（will） = 主语 + will + 动词原形
Use 'will' for instant decisions or predictions. Example: 'I think it will rain tomorrow.' Negative: Subject + will + not + base verb. 'She will not come.'
'will' 用于即时决定或预测。示例：'I think it will rain tomorrow.' 否定式：主语 + will + not + 动词原形。'She will not come.'
Future with 'going to' = Subject + am/is/are + going to + base verb
将来时（going to） = 主语 + am/is/are + going to + 动词原形
Use 'going to' for pre-planned intentions. Example: 'We are going to visit our grandparents next week.'
'going to' 用于事先计划好的意图。示例：'We are going to visit our grandparents next week.'
9. Punctuation Rules: Commas & Apostrophes | 标点规则：逗号与撇号
Punctuation marks are like traffic signals for reading. Commas and apostrophes have specific formulas that make your writing clear.
标点符号就像阅读中的交通信号。逗号和撇号有其特定的公式，能让你的写作表达更清晰。
Comma in a list = item, item, and item
列表逗号 = 项目, 项目, 和 项目
Example: 'We need apples, bananas, and oranges.' The comma before 'and' (Oxford comma) is often used in English to avoid confusion.
示例：'We need apples, bananas, and oranges.' 'and' 前的逗号（牛津逗号）在英语中常被用来避免歧义。
Apostrophe for possession = owner + 's (for singular); owners + ' (for plural)
所有格撇号 = 物主 + 's（单数）；物主 + '（复数）
Example: 'the girl's book' (one girl), 'the girls' books' (more than one girl). Never use an apostrophe for a plain plural: 'apple's' is wrong.
示例：'the girl's book'（一个女孩的书），'the girls' books'（多个女孩的书）。切勿在普通复数中使用撇号：'apple's' 是错误的。
Apostrophe for contraction = omitted letter(s) replaced by '
缩写撇号 = 省略的字母被 ' 取代
Example: do not → don't; it is → it's. Be careful: 'it's' only means 'it is' or 'it has'; the possessive 'its' has no apostrophe.
示例：do not → don't；it is → it's。注意：'it's' 只表示 'it is' 或 'it has'；物主代词 'its' 没有撇号。
10. Paragraph Writing: PEEL Formula | 段落写作：PEEL公式
Strong paragraphs are built with a clear structure. The PEEL formula helps you write well-organised, persuasive paragraphs for essays and extended answers.
有力的段落建立在清晰的结构之上。PEEL 公式能帮助你写出条理分明、有说服力的段落，用于论文和扩展性答题。
PEEL = Point + Evidence + Explanation + Link
PEEL = 论点 + 证据 + 解释 + 回扣
Point: State your main idea in a topic sentence. Evidence: Provide a quotation, example, or fact. Explanation: Explain how your evidence supports the point. Link: Connect back to the question or lead into the next paragraph.
论点：在主题句里陈述主要观点。证据：提供引文、例子或事实。解释：说明证据如何支撑论点。回扣：扣回问题或过渡到下一段。
Example: Point: 'Shakespeare presents Macbeth as ambitious.' Evidence: 'He says, "I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition."' Explanation: 'This metaphor shows that ambition is the only force driving him.' Link: 'This ambition ultimately leads to his downfall, as the next scene reveals.'
示例：论点：'莎士比亚将麦克白塑造成野心勃勃的形象。' 证据：'他说，"没有马刺来刺策我意图的两侧，唯有腾跃的野心。"' 解释：'这一比喻表明野心是驱动他的唯一力量。' 回扣：'这一野心最终导致他的覆灭，下一幕即揭示这一点。'
11. Figurative Language Devices | 修辞手法公式
Figurative language makes writing vivid and imaginative. Recognising and using these formulas will improve both your reading analysis and creative writing.
修辞语言使写作生动而富有想象力。认识和运用这些公式能够提升你的阅读分析和创意写作能力。
Simile = comparing using 'like' or 'as ... as'
明喻 = 用 'like' 或 'as ... as' 进行比较
Example: 'The stars shone like diamonds.' / 'She was as brave as a lion.'
示例：'星星像钻石一样闪耀。' / '她像狮子一样勇敢。'
Metaphor = stating something is something else (direct comparison without 'like' or 'as')
暗喻 = 把一件事物说成是另一件事物（不用 'like' 或 'as' 的直接比较）
Example: 'The classroom was a zoo.' This is not literally true but creates a strong image of noise and chaos.
示例：'教室是个动物园。' 虽非字面上的真实，但能营造出嘈杂混乱的强烈意象。
Personification = giving human qualities to non-human things
拟人 = 赋予非人类事物以人的特性
Example: 'The wind whispered through the trees.' Wind cannot whisper, but this makes it feel gentle and mysterious.
示例：'风在树林中低语。' 风不会低语，但这让人感到柔和而神秘。
Hyperbole = extreme exaggeration for effect
夸张 = 为达到效果而极度夸大
Example: 'I've told you a million times.' Not literally a million, but emphasises repetition.
示例：'我已经告诉过你一百万次了。' 并非真的一百万次，而是强调重复次数之多。
12. Common Spelling Rules | 常见拼写规则
Spelling in English can be tricky, but certain rules work like formulas. Use these to spell words correctly and avoid common errors.
英语拼写可能很棘手，但有些规则就像公式一样有效。运用这些规则可以正确拼写单词，避免常见错误。
'i' before 'e' except after 'c' when the sound is 'ee'
当发音为 'ee' 时，'i' 在 'e' 前，除非在 'c' 后
Examples: believe, field, receive, ceiling. Exceptions include 'weird', 'science', 'their'.
示例：believe, field, receive, ceiling。例外有 weird, science, their 等。
Drop the silent 'e' when adding a
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